LEARNING FROM THE LANDSCAPE: INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PLACER MINING LANDSCAPES IN THE ELK CREEK MINING DISTRICT, WESTERN MONTANA

In 1865 gold was discovered in the Garnet Mountains of Western Montana. This was one of the last of a series of gold rushes in the American West that began with the California Gold Rush in 1849. During this time period miners carried knowledge of geology of placer deposits and placer mining techniques out of California and into the interior west where they encountered quite different geologic conditions. This study examines how miners perceived and learned from these new environments during the construction of placer landscapes in the Garnet Mountains, especially in the Elk Creek Mining District, through a process called landscape learning. This study is also intended to be an industrial archaeological guide to interpreting placer mining landscapes and techniques

Personality, perceptual conflict and anxiety in Rugby players

The object of this thesis is to illustrate how the sports environment engenders a 'normal-abnormal' approach to the classification of athlete personality disposition. An athlete whose perceptions of self are in conflict with the normative stereotype may feel that his identity as an athlete is threatened, and respond to this threat with high levels of both trait and state anxiety. [Continues.

Fitting high-energy Littlest Seesaw parameters using low-energy neutrino data and leptogenesis

We show that the four high-energy Littlest Seesaw parameters in the flavour basis,namely two real Yukawa couplings plus the two right-handed neutrino masses, can be determined by an excellent fit to the seven currently constrained observables of low-energy neutrino data and leptogenesis. Taking into account renormalisation group corrections, we estimate $\chi^2 \simeq 1.5-2.6$ for the three d.o.f., depending on the high-energy scale and the type of non supersymmetric Littlest Seesaw model. We extract allowed ranges of neutrino parameters from our fit data, including the approximate mu-tau symmetric predictions $\theta_{23}=45^o\pm 1^o$ and $\delta = -90^o \pm 5^o$, which, together with a normal mass ordering with $m_1=0$, will enable Littlest Seesaw models to be tested in future neutrino experiments.Comment: Typos corrected, references added. 25 pages, 20 figure

Making open access work: The ‘state-of-the-art’ in providing open access to scholarly literature

Purpose: This paper is designed to provide an overview of one of the most important and controversial areas of scholarly communication: open-access publishing and dissemination of research outputs. It identifies and discusses recent trends and future challenges for various stakeholders in delivering open access (OA) to the scholarly literature. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on a number of inter-related strands of evidence which make up the current discourse on open access, comprising the peer-reviewed literature, grey literature and other forms of communication (including blogs and email discussion lists). It uses a large-scale textual analysis of the peer-reviewed literature since 2010 (carried out using the VOSviewer tool) as a basis for discussion of issues raised in the OA discourse. Findings: A number of key themes are identified, including the relationship between ‘Green’ OA (deposit in repositories) and ‘Gold’ OA (OA journal publication), the developing evidence base associated with OA, researcher attitudes and behaviours, policy directions, management of repositories, development of journals, institutional responses, and issues around impact and scholarly communication futures. It suggests that current challenges now focus on how OA can be made to work in practice, having moved on from the discussion of whether it should happen at all. Originality/value: The paper provides a structured evidence-based review of major issues in the OA field, and suggests key areas for future research and policy development

Kinematics and dynamics of the east pacific rise linked to a stable, deep-mantle upwelling

Earth’s tectonic plates are generally considered to be driven largely by negative buoyancy associated with subduction of oceanic lithosphere. In this context, mid-ocean ridges (MORs) are passive plate boundaries whose divergence accommodates flow driven by subduction of oceanic slabs at trenches. We show that over the past 80 million years (My), the East Pacific Rise (EPR), Earth’s dominant MOR, has been characterized by limited ridge-perpendicular migration and persistent, asymmetric ridge accretion that are anomalous relative to other MORs. We reconstruct the subduction-related buoyancy fluxes of plates on either side of the EPR. The general expectation is that greater slab pull should correlate with faster plate motion and faster spreading at the EPR. Moreover, asymmetry in slab pull on either side of the EPR should correlate with either ridge migration or enhanced plate velocity in the direction of greater slab pull. Based on our analysis, none of the expected correlations are evident. This implies that other forces significantly contribute to EPR behavior. We explain these observations using mantle flow calculations based on globally integrated buoyancy distributions that require core-mantle boundary heat flux of up to 20 TW. The time-dependent mantle flow predictions yield a long-lived deep-seated upwelling that has its highest radial velocity under the EPR and is inferred to control its observed kinematics. The mantle-wide upwelling beneath the EPR drives horizontal components of asthenospheric flows beneath the plates that are similarly asymmetric but faster than the overlying surface plates, thereby contributing to plate motions through viscous tractions in the Pacific region

Au - Ge Alloys for Wide-Range Low-Temperature On-Chip Thermometry

We present results for a Au - Ge alloy that is useful as a resistance-based thermometer from room temperature down to at least 0.2 K. Over a wide range, the electrical resistivity of the alloy shows a logarithmic temperature dependence, which simultaneously retains the sensitivity required for practical thermometry while also maintaining a relatively modest and easily measurable value of resistivity. We characterize the sensitivity of the alloy as a possible thermometer and show that it compares favorably with commercially available temperature sensors. We experimentally identify that the characteristic logarithmic temperature dependence of the alloy stems from Kondo-like behavior induced by the specific heat treatment it undergoes.J.R.A.D., P.C.V., G.J.C., and V.N. acknowledge funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, United Kingdom. G.J.C. and S.E.R. acknowledge funding from the Royal Society, United Kingdom. J.F.O. thanks the Brazilian Agency CNPq. A.D. and S.K-N. acknowledge financial support through a European Research Council Starting Grant (Grant No. ERC-2014- STG-639526, NANOGEN)

Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting

Background: Quantifying sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence and incidence is important for planning interventions and advocating for resources. The World Health Organization (WHO) periodically estimates global and regional prevalence and incidence of four curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis. Methods and Findings: WHO’s 2012 estimates were based upon literature reviews of prevalence data from 2005 through 2012 among general populations for genitourinary infection with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and trichomoniasis, and nationally reported data on syphilis seroprevalence among antenatal care attendees. Data were standardized for laboratory test type, geography, age, and high risk subpopulations, and combined using a Bayesian meta-analytic approach. Regional incidence estimates were generated from prevalence estimates by adjusting for average duration of infection. In 2012, among women aged 15–49 years, the estimated global prevalence of chlamydia was 4.2% (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 3.7–4.7%), gonorrhoea 0.8% (0.6–1.0%), trichomoniasis 5.0% (4.0–6.4%), and syphilis 0.5% (0.4–0.6%); among men, estimated chlamydia prevalence was 2.7% (2.0–3.6%), gonorrhoea 0.6% (0.4–0.9%), trichomoniasis 0.6% (0.4–0.8%), and syphilis 0.48% (0.3–0.7%). These figures correspond to an estimated 131 million new cases of chlamydia (100–166 million), 78 million of gonorrhoea (53–110 million), 143 million of trichomoniasis (98–202 million), and 6 million of syphilis (4–8 million). Prevalence and incidence estimates varied by region and sex. Conclusions: Estimates of the global prevalence and incidence of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis in adult women and men remain high, with nearly one million new infections with curable STI each day. The estimates highlight the urgent need for the public health community to ensure that well-recognized effective interventions for STI prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment are made more widely available. Improved estimation methods are needed to allow use of more varied data and generation of estimates at the national level

Arene oxidation with malonoyl peroxides

Malonoyl peroxide 7, prepared in a single step from the commercially available diacid, is an effective reagent for the oxidation of aromatics. Reaction of an arene with peroxide 7 at room temperature leads to the corresponding protected phenol which can be unmasked by aminolysis. An ionic mechanism consistent with the experimental findings and supported by isotopic labeling, Hammett analysis, EPR investigations and reactivity profile studies is proposed