Calculation of the variance in surveys of the economic climate

Public opinion surveys have become progressively incorporated into systems of official statistics. Surveys of the economic climate are usually qualitative because they collect opinions of businesspeople and/or experts about the long-term indicators described by a number of variables. In such cases the responses are expressed in ordinal numbers, that is, the respondents verbally report, for example, whether during a given trimester the sales or the new orders have increased, decreased or remained the same as in the previous trimester. These data allow to calculate the percent of respondents in the total population (results are extrapolated), who select every one of the three options. Data are often presented in the form of an index calculated as the difference between the percent of those who claim that a given variable has improved in value and of those who claim that it has deteriorated. As in any survey conducted on a sample the question of the measurement of the sample error of the results has to be addressed, since the error influences both the reliability of the results and the calculation of the sample size adequate for a desired confidence interval. The results presented here are based on data from the Survey of the Business Climate (Encuesta de Clima Empresarial) developed through the collaboration of the Statistical Institute of Catalonia (Institut d’Estadística de Catalunya) with the Chambers of Commerce (Cámaras de Comercio) of Sabadell and Terrassa.Economic climate, variances, sampling methods.

Calculation of the variance in surveys of the economic climate.

Public opinion surveys have become progressively incorporated into systems of official statistics. Surveys of the economic climate are usually qualitative because they collect opinions of businesspeople and/or experts about the long-term indicators described by a number of variables. In such cases the responses are expressed in ordinal numbers, that is, the respondents verbally report, for example, whether during a given trimester the sales or the new orders have increased, decreased or remained the same as in the previous trimester. These data allow to calculate the percent of respondents in the total population (results are extrapolated), who select every one of the three options. Data are often presented in the form of an index calculated as the difference between the percent of those who claim that a given variable has improved in value and of those who claim that it has deteriorated. As in any survey conducted on a sample the question of the measurement of the sample error of the results has to be addressed, since the error influences both the reliability of the results and the calculation of the sample size adequate for a desired confidence interval. The results presented here are based on data from the Survey of the Business Climate (Encuesta de Clima Empresarial) developed through the collaboration of the Statistical Institute of Catalonia (Institut d’Estadística de Catalunya) with the Chambers of Commerce (Cámaras de Comercio) of Sabadell and Terrassa.Economic climate, variances, sampling methods.

Evolution of the digital attention market in the pandemic : a comparative study of young spanish university students (2019-2021)

The business figures linked to the economy of big companies have shown that large technology platforms are some of the few major beneficiaries of the global economic crisis generated by COVID-19. The study compares biannual results of digital consumption and links user monitoring methods with the realization of qualitative focus groups. It analyses the evolution of the consumption of digital tools (mainly social media) by young university students in Spain between 2019 and 2021. The results of the comparative study show a 36% increase in the time spent using digital applications between the two years studied, as well as a greater concentration of time spent on a few platforms. The qualitative results indicate a self-declaration of addictive dependence on the use of social media; an increasing trend in declaring that youngsters have no interest in stopping their use of these platforms, and a justification that technology companies may not pay the user for the content and data they subsequently use to generate revenue in exchange for personal privacy. This behaviour describes the consolidation of the attention economy concept, which denotates a discursive appropriation of the university students who justify a part of the economic, social, and cultural domination that the technological giants carry out

How are women politicians treated in the press? the case of Spain, France and the United Kingdom

Women politicians have been discriminated against or negatively valued under stereotypes in media coverage and have been given a secondary role compared to male politicians. The article proposes an analysis of the treatment given by digital media to women political leaders. They are from different parties in three countries and the aim is to identify the polarity (positive, neutral or negative) of the information published about them in the media. The text focuses on the cases of Anne Hidalgo and Marine Le Pen, from France, Nicola Sturgeon and Theresa May, from the United Kingdom and Ada Colau and Inés Arrimadas, from Spain. The study develops a computerised sentiment analysis of the information published in two leading digital newspapers in each country, during the month of November 2019. The research, with the analysis of 1100 journalistic pieces, shows that the polarity or valence of the women analysed is predominantly neutral and positive and that the journalistic genres do not determine the media representation of the women studied. On the contrary, the country of study does have a predominant incidence on the way in which women politicians are represented, while the relationship of affinity or antipathy of the Spanish media with the women politicians studied is significant

Measuring iron deposits within focal lesions in patients presenting clinically isolated syndrome

Postprint (author's final draft

Measuring cervical cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis patients. A longitudinal MRI study

Postprint (author's final draft

Indicadors de la maduresa en el procés de la lectoescriptura: primera prova pilot del protocolo leobien

INTRODUCCIÓ: El procés de la lectoescriptura és l’activitat més complexa que aprenen els estudiants en el primer cicle d’educació primària. També és la més necessària per progressar acadèmicament. Aquest treball, és una prova pilot del Protocolo Leobien, una eina dissenyada per contribuir a disminuir el fracàs escolar. OBJECTIU: Determinar la validesa del Protocolo Leobien com a indicador de la maduresa de l’alumne per iniciar el procés de la lectoescriptura. HIPÒTESI: L’estudiant que té bones habilitats visuals, d’integració visual-auditiva i de comprensió lectora supera els requisits del Protocolo Leobien. MÈTODE: S’han realitzat les avaluacions de les habilitats visuals, les habilitats d’integració visual-auditiva, s’ha administrat el Protocolo Leobien i s’han demanat els resultats de les proves d’Avaluació de la Comprensió Lectora (ACL) als mestres de 51 nens de 2n de primària de l’escola Rivo Rubeo de Rubí. RESULTATS: El 71% dels examinats passen les proves visuals. El 35% del la mostra passa les proves de les habilitats d’integració visual-auditiva. Un 31% dels alumnes passen el Protocolo Leobien i, només un 25,49% de la mostra d’alumnes aprova les proves ACL. CONCLUSIONS: La dependència entre els resultats del Protocolo Leobien i les habilitats visuals, d’integració visual-auditiva i les proves ACL no s’ha pogut demostrar. En les condicions de l’estudi es pot concloure que, tal com està plantejat, el Protocolo Leobien no permet indicar el grau de maduresa d’un nen respecte el procés de la lectoescriptura. LIMITACIONS I PROPOSTES FUTURES: No poder establir la relació de dependència entre les variables, es pot atribuir a diferents factors: la mostra reduïda de subjectes o el nivell de restricció dels criteris per superar una prova. S’han traslladat als promotors del Protocolo Leobien tots els suggeriments de millora i s’ha contribuït a l’evolució del Protocolo Leobien a l’actual Proyecto Leobien, que s’aplicarà com a prova pilot a escoles d’educació infantil durant el curs 2019-2020

El viaje en la esfera pública europea. El caso del Programa Erasmus

The article combines the travel experience, the construction of identity and the European public sphere through the Erasmus Programme. The topic is interesting and original in order to know how the different variables interrelate in this vital experience. The study describes the attitudes and perceptions of Spanish students about the construction of their own European identity and the common public sphere under a comparative approach between those who have participated in the Erasmus Programme and those who have not. The core of the analysis is the data obtained through a closed questionnaire applied to a sample made up of students and university graduates from different Spanish universities. Thus, the article characterizes the results obtained in the whole of the sample and, subsequently, it offers an analysis of the subgroups of participants and non-participants in the Erasmus Programme. The article concludes that the Spanish university students, regardless of their participation in the Erasmus Programme, are global citizens inserted in a transnational public sphere, who frequently show interest in European news. However, the perceptions of the participants are more positive towards European feelings. They show more interest in the European Union, as well as more confidence in the European institutions. In contrast, Erasmus students tend to be more critical in other aspects.El artículo aúna el viaje, la identidad y la esfera pública europea a través de la experiencia que ofrece el Programa Erasmus para los universitarios de la Unión Europea, lo que resulta de interés y novedoso para conocer de qué manera se interrelacionan los distintos conceptos en esta experiencia vital. Bajo un enfoque comparativo se describen las actitudes y percepciones de estudiantes españoles que han realizado un Erasmus y aquellos que no lo han hecho acerca del programa, de la construcción de la propia identidad europea y de la esfera pública común. El núcleo del análisis lo constituyen los datos obtenidos a través de cuestionario cerrado aplicado a una muestra de estudio formada por estudiantes y egresados universitarios de distintas universidades españolas. Así, se caracterizan los resultados obtenidos en el conjunto de la muestra y, posteriormente, dividiendo la muestra en los subgrupos de participantes y no participantes en el Programa Erasmus. De lo datos recolectados se concluye que los jóvenes universitarios españoles que forman la muestra de estudio, independientemente de su participación en el Programa Erasmus, son ciudadanos globales insertos en la esfera pública. Ahora bien, en las percepciones de los estudiantes Erasmus se reconoce una influencia positiva sobre el sentimiento europeo y el interés por la Unión Europea, así como por la confianza en las instituciones europeas. En cambio, los Erasmus tienden a ser más críticos en otros aspectos. &nbsp

Los problemas de representación política y la socialdemocracia: los casos de España y Francia (2000-2017)

La tesis doctoral titulada Los problemas de representación política y la socialdemocracia. Los casos de España y de Francia (2000 - 2017) aborda la relación entre los resultados electorales de los partidos socialdemócratas clásicos de España y de Francia, el Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) y el Partido Socialista francés (PS), con los problemas de representación política, tales como el descontento político, el alejamiento entre los representantes y los representados, la oligarquización, la desconfianza política, la desafección política, la corrupción, la falta de credibilidad y el abstencionismo. El periodo de análisis se extiende entre los años 2000 y 2017. La investigación se articula como un estudio de caso en que las dos unidades de análisis se analizan teniendo en cuenta el contexto sociohistórico de transformaciones sociales y de la evolución de la socialdemocracia. Además, el trabajo se sustenta en las bases teóricas del concepto de representación política a lo largo de la historia

¡EMOCIONÉMONOS! Programa de Educación Emocional en el aula de Primaria

Treball Final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Primària. Codi: MP1040. Curs acadèmic: 2017/2018Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el CEIP Castàlia, y más concretamente en el aula de 4ºB. El objetivo que se ha querido alcanzar ha sido desarrollar una mayor competencia emocional en todos sus aspectos: conciencia, regulación y autonomía emocional; competencia social; y competencias para la vida y el bienestar. La puesta en práctica de esta propuesta de intervención ha pretendido conseguir que el alumnado tome consciencia de su propio estado emocional para poder expresar sin tapujos cómo se siente; para ser capaz de reconocer los sentimientos y emociones del resto de compañeros y compañeras; y para adoptar una actitud positiva para la vida. Durante los dos meses en los que dicho programa se ha estado llevando a cabo, los resultados han sido diversos, como por ejemplo la notoria mejora a la hora de gestionar el enfado dentro y fuera del aula gracias al rincón de la ira y las técnicas vistas en clase. El alumnado ha sido capaz de alcanzar tanto el objetivo general de la propuesta, como los objetivos específicos planteados en su correspondiente apartado. Por lo tanto, la conclusión principal que se puede extraer de todo este trabajo es la necesidad urgente de trabajar en las aulas de manera más humana y transparente, teniendo en cuenta siempre la gran diversidad, la inclusión, la tolerancia y el respeto de todo el alumnado.This final degree assignment in Primary Education Teacher degree has been carried out in CEIP Castàlia and more specifically in the 4ºB classroom. The objective that has been achieved has been to develop a greater emotional competence in all its aspects: conscience, regulation and emotional autonomy; social competence; and competencies for life and wellness. The implementation of this intervention proposal has meant that the students become aware of their own emotional state; be able to express openly how they feel; be able to recognize the feelings and emotions of other classmates; and know how to adopt a positive attitude for life. During the two months in which this program has been carried out, the results have been diverse, such as the notorious improvement in managing anger inside and outside the classroom thanks to the corner of anger and techniques that students have seen in class. The students have been able to achieve the general objective of the proposal, as well as the specific objectives set out in their paragraph. Therefore, the main conclusion we can be obtained from this work is the urgent need to work in the classrooms in a more human and transparent way, always taking into account the great diversity, inclusion, tolerance and the respect of all the students