9 research outputs found

    Fungal pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass anaerobic digestion

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    La mĂ©thanisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique est un des moyens les plus efficients pour la production d’énergie renouvelable. Cependant, la lignine prĂ©sente dans cette biomasse est difficile Ă  hydrolyser. Cette limite peut ĂȘtre surmontĂ©e grĂące aux prĂ©traitements. Parmi eux, les prĂ©traitements peu couteux par pourritures blanches sont attrayants mais ils ont Ă©tĂ© peu appliquĂ©s pour la digestion anaĂ©robie. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude explore les prĂ©traitements par pourritures blanches de la paille de blĂ© afin d’en amĂ©liorer sa mĂ©thanisation. Tout d’abord, une Ă©tape de sĂ©lection a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© l’efficacitĂ© de la souche Polyporus brumalis BRFM 985 puisque 43% de mĂ©thane supplĂ©mentaire ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus par gramme de matiĂšres volatiles par comparaison avec la paille tĂ©moin. En prenant en compte les pertes de matiĂšres occasionnĂ©es par le prĂ©traitement, cela correspondait Ă  21 % d’amĂ©lioration par gramme de matiĂšre sĂšche initiale. De plus, il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ© que l’addition de glucose durant le prĂ©traitement limitait la dĂ©lignification et donc la production de mĂ©thane du substrat. Puis, des Ă©chantillons prĂ©traitĂ©s furent obtenus lors d’un plan d’expĂ©rience visant Ă  optimiser le prĂ©traitement par P. brumalis BRFM 985 ; les paramĂštres du prĂ©traitement testĂ©s Ă©taient : la durĂ©e et la tempĂ©rature de culture, l’humiditĂ© initiale du substrat et l’addition de mĂ©taux. Les surfaces de rĂ©ponse de la production de mĂ©thane Ă  partir de ces Ă©chantillons furent construites. La production optimale de mĂ©thane ne fut pas atteinte dans le domaine expĂ©rimental testĂ© mais l’impact positif de l’addition de mĂ©taux fut dĂ©montrĂ©, ainsi que l’importance de choisir une durĂ©e de culture adaptĂ©e. Ensuite, l’usage de la technique de la pyrolyse-GC-MS pour Ă©valuer l’efficacitĂ© du prĂ©traitement fut Ă©tudiĂ©. Une estimation de la quantitĂ© de biomasse fongique avec cette mĂ©thode apparaĂźt possible. Le ratio polysaccharides/lignine dĂ©terminĂ© par py-GC-MS a permis de classer des Ă©chantillons prĂ©traitĂ©s selon leur biodĂ©gradabilitĂ© anaĂ©robie. La digestion anaĂ©robie en voie sĂšche (DAVS) de paille de blĂ© prĂ©traitĂ©e en rĂ©acteur pilote fut menĂ©e en batch avec recirculation des lixiviats. Durant le dĂ©marrage de la DAVS, un trop fort S/I mĂšne Ă  une accumulation d’acides gras volatils (AGV) et parfois Ă  la dĂ©faillance de la DAVS. NĂ©anmoins, de forts S/I permettent de traiter plus de substrat et augmentent la production de mĂ©thane par volume de rĂ©acteur. Avec la paille de blĂ©, des S/I entre 2 et 3 (en matiĂšres volatiles) permettent un bon dĂ©marrage de la DAVS. Alors qu’un ratio AGV totaux/alcalinitĂ© infĂ©rieur Ă  0,6 correspond Ă  des rĂ©acteurs stables en digestion anaĂ©robie voie liquide ; cette limite semble mal adaptĂ©e Ă  la DAVS. Il fut observĂ© que la DAVS pouvait rĂ©cupĂ©rer d’une phase d’acidification tant que le ratio AGV totaux/alcalinitĂ© Ă©tait infĂ©rieur Ă  2 et que la concentration en AGV Ă©tait infĂ©rieure Ă  10 g/L dans les lixiviats. MalgrĂ© une amĂ©lioration de la biodĂ©gradabilitĂ© et une phase de dĂ©marrage facilitĂ©e, le prĂ©traitement fongique non optimisĂ© ne permit pas d’amĂ©liorer la production de mĂ©thane aprĂšs prise en compte des pertes de matiĂšre occasionnĂ©es par le prĂ©traitement.Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most efficient ways to produce renewable energy. However, lignin contained in this biomass is difficult to hydrolyze. This limitation can be overcome by pretreatments. Among them, low-cost white-rot fungi pretreatments seem attractive but were scarcely applied for anaerobic digestion. The current study investigates white-rot fungi pretreatments of wheat straw to improve its methane production. Firstly, a selection step has revealed the efficiency of Polyporus brumalis BRFM 985 since 43% more methane per gram of pretreated volatile solids were obtained compared to the control straw. Taking into account the dry weight loss occurring during the pretreatment, it still corresponded to 21% more methane per gram of initial total solids. Moreover, glucose addition during the pretreatment was shown to limit delignification and thus methane production from the substrate. Secondly, pretreated samples were obtained in an experiment device aiming to optimize the pretreatment with P. brumalis BRFM 985; tested pretreatments parameters were: culture duration, temperature, initial substrate moisture content and metals addition. Response surfaces of methane production from those samples were built. Optimum methane production was not reached in the experimental domain but the positive impact of metals addition was demonstrated, so as the importance to choose adequate culture duration. Then, the use of pyrolysis-GC-MS technic to access pretreatment efficiency was studied. Estimation of fungal biomass amount on wheat straw with this method appeared possible. Polysaccharides/lignin ratio determined with py-GC-MS allowed to classify some pretreated samples according to their anaerobic degradability. Solid State Anaerobic Digestion (SSAD) of wheat straw pretreated in pilot-reactor was carried out in batch with leachate recycle. During SSAD start-up phase, too high Substrate/Inoculum (S/I) ratio leads to Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) accumulation and sometimes to reactor failure but with high S/I more substrate can be treated and methane production per reactor volume increases. With wheat straw, S/I between 2 and 3 (Volatile Solid basis) allow a successful start-up in SSAD. Whereas Total VFA/alkalinity ratio under 0.6 corresponds to stable wet anaerobic digestion; this limit seems not well adapted to SSAD. It was observed that SSAD reactors were able to recover from acidification phase when Total VFA/alkalinity was lower than 2 and with VFA concentrations inferior to 10 g/L in leachate. Despite the improvement of biodegradability and the facilitation of start-up phase, non-optimized fungal pretreatment did not improve methane production after taking into account mass losses occurring during the pretreatment

    Prétraitements fongiques pour la méthanisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique

    No full text
    Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most efficient ways to produce renewable energy. However, lignin contained in this biomass is difficult to hydrolyze. This limitation can be overcome by pretreatments. Among them, low-cost white-rot fungi pretreatments seem attractive but were scarcely applied for anaerobic digestion. The current study investigates white-rot fungi pretreatments of wheat straw to improve its methane production. Firstly, a selection step has revealed the efficiency of Polyporus brumalis BRFM 985 since 43% more methane per gram of pretreated volatile solids were obtained compared to the control straw. Taking into account the dry weight loss occurring during the pretreatment, it still corresponded to 21% more methane per gram of initial total solids. Moreover, glucose addition during the pretreatment was shown to limit delignification and thus methane production from the substrate. Secondly, pretreated samples were obtained in an experiment device aiming to optimize the pretreatment with P. brumalis BRFM 985; tested pretreatments parameters were: culture duration, temperature, initial substrate moisture content and metals addition. Response surfaces of methane production from those samples were built. Optimum methane production was not reached in the experimental domain but the positive impact of metals addition was demonstrated, so as the importance to choose adequate culture duration. Then, the use of pyrolysis-GC-MS technic to access pretreatment efficiency was studied. Estimation of fungal biomass amount on wheat straw with this method appeared possible. Polysaccharides/lignin ratio determined with py-GCMS allowed to classify some pretreated samples according to their anaerobic degradability. Solid State Anaerobic Digestion (SSAD) of wheat straw pretreated in pilot-reactor was carried out in batch with leachate recycle. During SSAD start-up phase, too high Substrate/Inoculum (S/I) ratio leads to Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) accumulation and sometimes to reactor failure but with high S/I more substrate can be treated and methane production per reactor volume increases. With wheat straw, S/I between 2 and 3 (Volatile Solid basis) allow a successful start-up in SSAD. Whereas Total VFA/alkalinity ratio under 0.6 corresponds to stable wet anaerobic digestion; this limit seems not well adapted to SSAD. It was observed that SSAD reactors were able to recover from acidification phase when Total VFA/alkalinity was lower than 2 and with VFA concentrations inferior to 10 g/L in leachate. Despite the improvement of biodegradability and the facilitation of start-up phase, non-optimized fungal pretreatment did not improve methane production after taking into account mass losses occurring during the pretreatment.La mĂ©thanisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique est un des moyens les plus efficients pour la production d’énergie renouvelable. Cependant, la lignine prĂ©sente dans cette biomasse est difficile Ă  hydrolyser. Cette limite peut ĂȘtre surmontĂ©e grĂące aux prĂ©traitements. Parmi eux, les prĂ©traitements peu couteux par pourritures blanches sont attrayants mais ils ont Ă©tĂ© peu appliquĂ©s pour la digestion anaĂ©robie. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude explore les prĂ©traitements par pourritures blanches de la paille de blĂ© afin d’en amĂ©liorer sa mĂ©thanisation. Tout d’abord, une Ă©tape de sĂ©lection a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© l’efficacitĂ© de la souche Polyporus brumalis BRFM 985 puisque 43% de mĂ©thane supplĂ©mentaire ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus par gramme de matiĂšres volatiles par comparaison avec la paille tĂ©moin. En prenant en compte les pertes de matiĂšres occasionnĂ©es par le prĂ©traitement, cela correspondait Ă  21 % d’amĂ©lioration par gramme de matiĂšre sĂšche initiale. De plus, il fut montrĂ© que l’addition de glucose durant le prĂ©traitement limitait la dĂ©lignification et donc la production de mĂ©thane du substrat. Puis, des Ă©chantillons prĂ©traitĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus lors d’un plan d’expĂ©rience visant Ă  optimiser le prĂ©traitement par P. brumalis BRFM 985 ; les paramĂštres du prĂ©traitement testĂ©s Ă©taient : la durĂ©e et la tempĂ©rature de culture, l’humiditĂ© initiale du substrat et l’addition de mĂ©taux. Les surfaces de rĂ©ponse de la production de mĂ©thane Ă  partir de ces Ă©chantillons ont Ă©tĂ© construites. La production optimale de mĂ©thane n’a pas Ă©tĂ© atteinte dans le domaine expĂ©rimental testĂ© mais l’impact positif de l’addition de mĂ©taux a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©, ainsi que l’importance de choisir une durĂ©e de culture adaptĂ©e. Ensuite, l’usage de la technique de la pyrolyse-GC-MS pour Ă©valuer l’efficacitĂ© du prĂ©traitement a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©. Une estimation de la quantitĂ© de biomasse fongique avec cette mĂ©thode apparaĂźt possible. Le ratio polysaccharides/lignine dĂ©terminĂ© par py-GC-MS a permis de classer des Ă©chantillons prĂ©traitĂ©s selon leur biodĂ©gradabilitĂ© anaĂ©robie. La digestion anaĂ©robie en voie sĂšche (DAVS) de paille de blĂ© prĂ©traitĂ©e en rĂ©acteur pilote a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e en batch avec recirculation des lixiviats. Durant le dĂ©marrage de la DAVS, un trop fort S/I mĂšne Ă  une accumulation d’acides gras volatils (AGV) et parfois Ă  la dĂ©faillance de la DAVS. NĂ©anmoins, de forts S/I permettent de traiter plus de substrat et augmentent la production de mĂ©thane par volume de rĂ©acteur. Avec la paille de blĂ©, des S/I entre 2 et 3 (en matiĂšres volatiles) permettent un bon dĂ©marrage de la DAVS. Alors qu’un ratio AGV totaux/alcalinitĂ© infĂ©rieur Ă  0,6 correspond Ă  des rĂ©acteurs stables en digestion anaĂ©robie voie liquide ; cette limite semble mal adaptĂ©e Ă  la DAVS. Il a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© que la DAVS pouvait rĂ©cupĂ©rer d’une phase d’acidification tant que le ratio AGV totaux/alcalinitĂ© Ă©tait infĂ©rieur Ă  2 et que la concentration en AGV Ă©tait infĂ©rieure Ă  10 g/L dans les lixiviats. MalgrĂ© une amĂ©lioration de la biodĂ©gradabilitĂ© et une phase de dĂ©marrage facilitĂ©e, le prĂ©traitement fongique non optimisĂ© n’a pas permis d’amĂ©liorer la production de mĂ©thane aprĂšs prise en compte des pertes de matiĂšre occasionnĂ©es par le prĂ©traitement

    Pyrolysis-GC–MS to assess the fungal pretreatment efficiency for wheat straw anaerobic digestion

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    Cost-effective and environment-friendly pretreatments, such as fungal pretreatments, are required for anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass particularly because the amount of methane produced is often limited by the lignin content. Anaerobic digestibility is estimated using a Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test, which lasts several weeks. Since the Py-GC–MS technique is considered to be a rapid method for obtaining information on various organic components, its suitability for the study of fungal pretreatment efficiency in anaerobic digestion was investigated here, to our knowledge for the first time. In this goal, mycelium of the white-rot fungi Polyporus brumalis BRFM 985, untreated wheat straw and straw pretreated with different fungal strains and under different conditions were analysed with Py-GC–MS. In the mycelium pyrolysate, diverse compounds, often considered as unspecific, probably derive from proteins (toluene, etc.). A strong presence of tyrosine and phenylalanine among the fungus amino acids was also suspected. As for pretreated straw samples, a correlation was observed between the amount of fungal biomass determined by qPCR (used as a reference method) and the sum of relative areas of toluene, styrene and ethylbenzene in the pyrograms, showing that it is feasible to estimate the fungal biomass amount on pretreated straws using Py-GC–MS. In addition, the H/L-Py (Holocelluloses/Lignin) ratio, determined by dividing the sums of areas of pyrolysis compounds that have a polysaccharide (PS) and lignin (LIG) origin, was correlated to the BMP values of pretreated straws, thus showing that the pretreatment efficiency can be rapidly estimated with Py-GC–MS in the tested conditions

    Improvement of anaerobic degradation by white-rot fungi pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass : A review

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    International audienceAnaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass appears to be an efficient process for the production of energy whilst answering present-day environmental challenges. However, lignin contained in lignocellulosic biomass is hardly biodegradable, thus representing a major obstacle for maximum methane production. Consequently, although pretreatments need to be considered, their cost is a limit for their full-scale use. Biological pretreatments are a cheaper alternative in this context. Several biological pre-treatments have been studied for anaerobic digestion: ensiling, partial composting, specific microbial consortia, enzymes and fungi. Simple, inexpensive and efficient pretreatments can be obtained using fungi. White-rot fungi (WRF), have been considered as most capable of delignifying a substrate. However, their use in the pretreatment of substrates for anaerobic digestion is quite recent and still needs to be investigated. This review compares fungal pretreatment with other biological treatments for anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass. Enzymatic mechanisms for WRF pretreatments are then exposed. The literature data regarding the improvement of anaerobic digestibility with WRF pretreatment are summarized (anaerobic digestion and in vitro digestibility with rumen microorganisms). Finally, lignocellulosic biomass features allowing the improvement of anaerobic digestion are exposed (porosity, cellulose crystallinity, etc.). The possible effects of WRF on these characteristics are discussed and industrial perspectives for WRF pretreatments are presented. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

    White-Rot Fungi pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for anaerobic digestion: impact of glucose supplementation

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    Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most efficient ways to produce renewable energy. However, lignin contained in this biomass is difficult to hydrolyse. Pretreatment can help to overcome this limitation. Among them, low-cost fungal pretreatments seem noteworthy. Although widely used in pretreatment for bioethanol production, rot fungi have rarely been applied for improving biogas production during anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass. The present study investigates the possibility to increase methane production from wheat straw pretreated with several fungal strains. After screening sixty-three strains, twelve preselected strains were used to pretreat straw. Compared to the control straw, up to 43% more methane per gram of pretreated volatile solids were obtained with Polyporus brumalis BRFM 985 strain. Taking into account the dry weight loss measured during pretreatment in non-optimized conditions, up to 21% more methane per gram of initial total solids was observed. Glucose addition during the pretreatment also proved to limit delignification and thus methane production from the substrate

    Influence of white-rot fungus Polyporus brumalis BRFM 985 culture conditions on the pretreatment efficiency for anaerobic digestion of wheat straw

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    International audienceFor the first time, Polyporus brumalis BRFM985 was cultivated on wheat straw to investigate the simultaneous effects of pretreatment parameters on anaerobic digestion: these include initial substrate humidity, temperature, duration, and metal supplementation. Surface response methodology was applied to quantify the importance of each parameter, as well as the synergistic effects between them. Firstly, metal addition and secondly, pretreatment duration, both resulted in a positive impact. According to calculations, the highest methane production (182 dm3 of methane per kilogram of initial Total Solids) is associated to pretreatment with metal addition during 20 days. In comparison with the least optimal conditions (118 dm3.kg−1 without metal addition, during 15 days), this result implies a 52% increase

    Fungal pretreatment of wheat straw for anaerobic digestion

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    International audienceRecently, there has been a considerable interest for the production of renewable energy from lignocellulosic biomass which presents several advantages. It is, however, a technological challenge because of the difficulty to hydrolyze lignin contained in this biomass. This limitation can be overcome by pretreatments. Among them, low-cost fungal pretreatments are attractive. This study focuses on the selection of a fungal strain, in order to increase methane production from wheat straw. After a screening on 176 strains, thirteen were preselected and used to pretreat straw. BMP of those straws were measured. Compared to the control straw and considering pretreated VS, up to 43% more methane were obtained. Taking into account the dry weight loss observed during the pretreatment in non-optimized conditions, it was found up to 21% more methane compared to the control straw

    Prétraitement de biomasses lignocellulosiques par des champigneux filamenteux pour la production de bioénergies

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    Cinq souches fongiques ont Ă©tĂ© mises en Ɠuvre dans un procĂ©dĂ© de fermentation en milieu solide (FMS) afin de rĂ©aliser un prĂ©traitement biologique de la paille de blĂ©. Le traitement par FMS a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© Ă  28°C pendant 21 jours. L’étude de la composition chimique de la paille de blĂ© prĂ©traitĂ©e a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une dĂ©lignification efficace avec des pertes en lignine comprises entre 30 et 50% (m/m). De façon gĂ©nĂ©rale, cette dĂ©lignification s’accompagne d’une dĂ©gradation limitĂ©e des polysaccharides pariĂ©taux. Deux souches, Polyporus brumalis_BRFM 985 et Leiotrametes sp_BRFM 1048, s’avĂšrent ĂȘtre plus sĂ©lectives que les 3 autres avec une faible dĂ©gradation de la cellulose et des hĂ©micelluloses. L’hydrolyse enzymatique des pailles de blĂ© prĂ©traitĂ©es, par des cocktails cellulosiques commerciaux, a permis d’amĂ©liorer la digestibilitĂ© des polysaccharides pariĂ©taux jusqu’à 82 % par comparaison Ă  la paille tĂ©moin non ensemencĂ©e. Les tests de potentiel mĂ©thane ont montrĂ© qu’il pouvait ĂȘtre obtenu jusqu’à 26 % de mĂ©thane supplĂ©mentaire par rapport Ă  la paille tĂ©moin non ensemencĂ©e (NmL CH4/g de matiĂšre organique prĂ©traitĂ©e). Les rĂ©sultats d’hydrolyse enzymatique et de mĂ©thanisation montrent l’efficacitĂ© du prĂ©traitement fongique de la paille de blĂ© pour sa bioconversion en produits Ă©nergĂ©tiques

    “The children are used to the camera being there" : preschool teachers thoughts on children’s integrity in photo documentation in preschool

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    Syftet med studien Àr att uppmÀrksamma hur förskollÀrare tolkar, respekterar och förstÄr barns integritet vid fotodokumentation. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns begrÀnsade studier om barns integritet i förskolan samt hur förskollÀrare tÀnker kring Àmnet. Forskning visar Àven att det kan uppstÄ etiska dilemman vid dokumentation av barn. I studien har ett relationellt perspektiv anvÀnts tillsammans med begrepp som: human being, human becoming samt det kompetenta barnet för att analysera det insamlade materialet. Studien utgÄr frÄn en kvalitativ ansats dÀr semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med sju utbildade förskollÀrare. Resultatet sammanstÀlldes i följande rubriker: Att frÄga eller att inte frÄga. Relationen avgör. Fotodokumentation Àr viktigt. Finns det konsekvenser? Behöver barn vara med pÄ foto? Barns rÀttigheter och förskollÀrarnas roll. En slutsats dras av att Àmnet Àr komplext.
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