Les usages du temps libéré

International audienceNotre recherche sur les usages du temps libéré s'est insérée dans le programme du pôle travail-négociation-temps du CERTOP (UMR 5044 du CNRS). Elle avait comme objectif de réunir un certain nombre de chercheurs autour de la question des usages du temps. Il s'agissait d'une part de faire un bilan sur l'usage des formes d'apparition du temps libéré du travail et il s'agissait d'autre part de contribuer au renouvellement des méthodologies d'analyse des temps sociaux. Nous avons donc engagé une recherche à trois volets examinant trois formes temporelles du temps libéré : les 35 heures, le temps partiel et la retraite.La première recherche nous conduit dans l'univers de la production aéronautique. En interrogeant les salariés de deux entreprises sur ce thème, nous avons tenté de retracer l'espace de leurs représentations temporelles. C'est-à-dire nous avons voulu savoir ce qui préside leur choix et leur positionnement individuel sur le temps de travail. Pour ce faire nous avons traité par logiciel plusieurs centaines de pages d'entretien par une analyse du discours et par une analyse factorielle des correspondances. Le résultat de ce traitement montre que l'espace des représentations temporelles comporte trois dimensions : la première concerne la tension entre les contraintes professionnelles et le bien-être personnel, la seconde renvoient les représentations aux contextes locaux fournis par les deux entreprises et la troisième dimension nous renvoie à l'opposition entre rythme individuel et rythmes collectifs. De manière générale et du point de vue des représentations, nous constatons que les 35 heures n'ont pas permis de réduire l'opposition entre vie professionnelle et vie privée. Il nous semble plutôt que l'analyse nous indique une recherche d'une individualisation, synonyme d'une recherche d'autonomie temporelle en dehors de la négociation collective incarnant la soumission aux contraintes professionnelles.La seconde recherche nous emmène vers les usages du travail à temps partiel, davantage centré sur les pratiques d'investissement du temps libéré. Il s'agissait d'accompagner les individus dans une description de leur emploi du temps à l'aide de carnets remplis avec l'enquêteur. Ces carnets permettent d'une part de retracer l'ensemble des activités tout en laissant un espace d'expression à la formalisation choisie par nos interlocuteurs. Le carnet et la manière de le remplir fournissent d'autre part le cadre à un entretien approfondi sur les pratiques temporelles. Le choix des individus à temps partiel inclut ici des professions comme les caissières, mais aussi des enseignants, des infirmiers et les professions libérales. Le résultat principal de cette démarche constitue des manières de « vivre » le temps partiels, appelées les « chrono-styles » reprenant la formule de Baudrillard à propos des socio-styles. L'analyse a fait émerger quatre chrono-styles du travail à temps partiel : le temps de la parentalité, le temps du multi-investissement, le temps pour soi et le temps de la vocation. Au total les chrono-styles montrent la diversité des approches du temps partiel loin de la victimisation traditionnelle de ces emplois. Le travail à temps partiel nécessite néanmoins à chaque fois une recomposition de l'emploi du temps par les individus. A défaut de cette recomposition essentielle, le vécu du temps libéré induirait des chronopathies.Notre dernier volet nous amène à l'analyse du passage à la retraite. A l'aide d'entretiens biographiques nous avons suivi 10 personnes pour comprendre ce qui se joue du point de vue des temporalités sociales au passage à la retraite. Nous avons vu dans tous les cas que la rupture que représente le passage à la retraite, est précédée par des ruptures antérieures, repérables dans les trajectoires de vie : mise cause professionnelle, mort d'un proche, divorce, déménagement. Bien que la retraite représente l'exclusion définitive de la sphère professionnelle, nos interrogés ont appris à gérer les ruptures de trajectoires dans le passé. La situation n'est donc pas complètement nouvelle. Si elle l'est, les retraités ont néanmoins des ressources et des savoirs disponibles pour gérer le passage à la retraite. Il n'est donc pas étonnant que nous nous retrouvions avec des personnes dynamiques, maintenant une diversité d'activités lors de leur passage à la retraite. On assiste chez tous à l'expression d'un sentiment de liberté en opposition avec la contrainte du temps de travail. Il s'agit bien d'un moment «souhaité », d'une véritable libération des contraintes professionnelles.Néanmoins nous constatons aussi une difficulté de vivre cette liberté selon des modèles différents d'une articulation entre les temps sociaux centrée sur le temps de travail. En effet, nous pouvions avoir l'impression que certaines des activités effectuées ont pour le sujet le sens d'une activité de « remplissage », d'une « peur du vide » même en effectuant des activités associatives « socialement reconnues »

Niaux – Grotte de Niaux et réseau Clastres

Identifiant de l'opération archéologique : Date de l'opération : 1970 (FP) Inventeur(s) : Andrieux Claude ; Bakalowicz Michel ; D'Hulst Dominique ; Mangin Alain ; Rouch Raymond ; Laboratoire souterrain du CNRS (Moulins) Le réseau Clastres est isolé du reste des galeries de la grotte de Niaux par une série de voûtes mouillantes permanentes. Lors de sa découverte en 1970 (Clottes, 1973), et à l'initiative de Dr L. Pales, une étude climatique fut engagée par Claude Andrieux (CNRS, Moulis). Il ..

Personality, Alzheimer's disease and behavioural and cognitive symptoms of dementia: the PACO prospective cohort study protocol

International audienceBACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease is characterised by a loss of cognitive function and behavioural problems as set out in the term "Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia". These behavioural symptoms have heavy consequences for the patients and their families. A greater understanding of behavioural symptoms risk factors would allow better detection of those patients, a better understanding of crisis situations and better management of these patients. Some retrospective studies or simple observations suggested that personality could play a role in the occurrence of behavioural symptoms. Finally, performance in social cognition like facial recognition and perspective taking could be linked to certain personality traits and the subsequent risks of behavioural symptoms. We propose to clarify this through a prospective, multicentre, multidisciplinary study. Main Objective: -To assess the effect of personality and life events on the risk of developing behavioural symptoms. Secondary Objectives: -To evaluate, at the time of inclusion, the connection between personality and performance in social cognition tests; -To evaluate the correlation between performance in social cognition at inclusion and the risks of occurrence of behavioural symptoms; -To evaluate the correlation between regional cerebral atrophy, using brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging at baseline, and the risk of behavioural symptoms.METHODS/DESIGN: Study type and Population: Prospective multicentre cohort study with 252 patients with Alzheimer's disease at prodromal or mild dementia stage. The inclusion period will be of 18 months and the patients will be followed during 18 months. The initial evaluation will include: a clinical and neuropsychological examination, collection of behavioural symptoms data (Neuropsychiatric-Inventory scale) and their risk factors, a personality study using both a dimensional (personality traits) and categorical approach, an inventory of life events, social cognition tests and an Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Patients will be followed every 6 months (clinical examination and collection of behavioural symptoms data and risk factors) during 18 months.DISCUSSION: This study aims at better identifying the patients with Alzheimer's disease at high risk of developing behavioural symptoms, to anticipate, detect and quickly treat these disorders and so, prevent serious consequences for the patient and his caregivers.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClincalTrials.gov: NCT01297140

Network analysis of the associations between personality traits, cognitive functioning, and inflammatory markers in elderly individuals without dementia

IntroductionLower cognitive functioning in old age has been associated with personality traits or systemic inflammatory markers. Associations have also been found between personality traits and inflammatory markers. However, no study has explored the inter-relationships between these three components simultaneously. The present study aims to better understand the inter-relationships among personality traits, inflammatory markers, and cognitive performance in elderly individuals without dementia.MethodsThis study utilizes a network analysis approach, a statistical method that allows visualization of the data’s unique pairwise associations. We performed a cross-sectional analysis on 720 elderly individuals without dementia, using data from Colaus|PsyColaus, a population-based study conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland. The Revised NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-R) was used to assess personality traits, and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were used as peripheral inflammatory markers. Cognitive domains were investigated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Verbal Fluency Test, the Stroop Test, the DO40, and the Free and Cued Selective Reminding (FCSR) test.ResultsOpenness was associated with verbal fluency and Agreeableness with immediate free recall. In contrast, no association between inflammatory markers and personality traits or cognition was identified.DiscussionIn elderly individuals without dementia, a high level of Openness or Agreeableness was associated with executive functioning/semantic memory and episodic memory, respectively

Pain

Chronic pain (CP) is often accompanied by mental disorders (MDs). However, little is known concerning the long-term effect of MDs, personality traits, and early-life traumatic events (ETEs) on CP course. Accordingly, we aimed to prospectively assess the associations of major depressive disorders (MDDs), anxiety disorders, personality traits, and ETEs with the incidence and the persistence of CP in middle-aged and older community dwellers. Data stemmed from the 3 first follow-up evaluations of CoLaus|PsyCoLaus, a prospective cohort conducted in the general population of Lausanne (Switzerland). Diagnostic criteria for MDs and ETEs were elicited using semistructured interviews. CP and personality traits were assessed by self-rating questionnaires. Follow-up intervals were subdivided into 2 groups: those without (n = 2280) and those with (n = 1841) CP initially. The associations between the psychological variables and the occurrence or persistence of CP 5 years later were assessed using serially adjusted logistic regression models. Higher neuroticism (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.21 [1.08; 1.36]) and extraversion (1.18 [1.06; 1.32]) were associated with higher 5-year CP incidence, whereas current (2.14 [1.34; 3.44]) and remitted MDD (1.29 [1.00; 1.66]) as well as lower extraversion (0.83 [0.74; 0.94]) were associated with persistence of CP. By contrast, ETEs and anxiety disorders were not associated with the incidence or persistence of CP. Our results suggest that personality traits are associated with both CP occurrence and persistence, whereas the MDDs may be more associated with CP persistence. Both personality and MDD are accessible to psychotherapy, and MDD is also accessible to pharmacotherapy. Hence, these therapeutic measures might decrease the risk of CP and its persistence

Copolymère à blocs amphiphile et son utilisation pour la fabrication de membranes polymères et de filtration

L'invention concerne un copolymère à blocs amphiphile comportant au moins un premier bloc hydrophile susceptible d'être obtenu à partir de monomères d'acrylate de n-butyle et de méthacrylate d'hydroxyéthyle, et un deuxième bloc hydrophobe susceptible d'être obtenu à partir d'un monomère de méthacrylate de méthyle. Ce copolymère s'avère particulièrement avantageux pour une utilisation en tant qu'additif pour la fabrication d'une membrane polymère de filtration, notamment à base de PVDF, en particulier par un procédé d'inversion de phase

Front Aging Neurosci

INTRODUCTION: Lower cognitive functioning in old age has been associated with personality traits or systemic inflammatory markers. Associations have also been found between personality traits and inflammatory markers. However, no study has explored the inter-relationships between these three components simultaneously. The present study aims to better understand the inter-relationships among personality traits, inflammatory markers, and cognitive performance in elderly individuals without dementia. METHODS: This study utilizes a network analysis approach, a statistical method that allows visualization of the data's unique pairwise associations. We performed a cross-sectional analysis on 720 elderly individuals without dementia, using data from Colaus|PsyColaus, a population-based study conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland. The Revised NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-R) was used to assess personality traits, and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were used as peripheral inflammatory markers. Cognitive domains were investigated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Verbal Fluency Test, the Stroop Test, the DO40, and the Free and Cued Selective Reminding (FCSR) test. RESULTS: Openness was associated with verbal fluency and Agreeableness with immediate free recall. In contrast, no association between inflammatory markers and personality traits or cognition was identified. DISCUSSION: In elderly individuals without dementia, a high level of Openness or Agreeableness was associated with executive functioning/semantic memory and episodic memory, respectively

Front Psychiatry

OBJECTIVE: During the COVID-19 pandemic, older people and patients with psychiatric disorders had an increased risk of being isolated. The French National Authority for Health has recommended a reinforced follow-up of these patients. Cross-sectional studies reported an increased risk of developing anxiety and depression during pandemic. The aim of our study was to identify factors associated with higher anxiety during the pandemic in older patients with psychiatric disorders. METHODS: STERACOVID is a multicenter cohort study with 117 patients followed-up by phone in two French geriatric psychiatry units. In this work, we used cross-sectional data from a prospective follow-up conducted between January and May 2021. RESULTS: We found that coping strategies, personality, and living conditions were associated with general anxiety (GA) level during the pandemic period. Higher GA was associated with less positive thinking coping strategy, more avoidance strategies, a lower level of extraversion, a higher level of neuroticism, more time spent watching the news, a higher feeling of loneliness, and a lack of physical contact. FINDINGS: Our study identified factors associated with a poorer experience of pandemic crisis. Special attention should be paid to patients with a high level of neuroticism and a high feeling of loneliness. Support could aim to help patients use more functional strategies: reducing avoidance strategies and increasing positive thinking. Finally, reducing time watching news could also be an interesting prevention perspective. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04760795

Physiology and pathophysiology of the vasopressin-regulated renal water reabsorption

To prevent dehydration, terrestrial animals and humans have developed a sensitive and versatile system to maintain their water homeostasis. In states of hypernatremia or hypovolemia, the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (AVP) is released from the pituitary and binds its type-2 receptor in renal principal cells. This triggers an intracellular cAMP signaling cascade, which phosphorylates aquaporin-2 (AQP2) and targets the channel to the apical plasma membrane. Driven by an osmotic gradient, pro-urinary water then passes the membrane through AQP2 and leaves the cell on the basolateral side via AQP3 and AQP4 water channels. When water homeostasis is restored, AVP levels decline, and AQP2 is internalized from the plasma membrane, leaving the plasma membrane watertight again. The action of AVP is counterbalanced by several hormones like prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, dopamine, endothelin-1, acetylcholine, epidermal growth factor, and purines. Moreover, AQP2 is strongly involved in the pathophysiology of disorders characterized by renal concentrating defects, as well as conditions associated with severe water retention. This review focuses on our recent increase in understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying AVP-regulated renal water transport in both health and disease