Motivational profiles of adult learners

This study investigated profiles of autonomous and controlled motivation and their effects in a sample of 188 adult learners from two Portuguese urban areas. Using a person-centered approach, results of cluster analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance revealed four motivational groups with different effects in self-efficacy, engagement, and learning. The study showed that groups of learners who have high autonomous motivation in the beginning of a course score higher in self-efficacy and later on in behavioral engagement and use of deep-learning strategies, whereas those who have controlled motivation alone or low levels of both types of motivation have worse results. Additionally, the study showed motivational differences according to adult learners? gender, educational level, and occupational status. The influence of the Portuguese adult education system on the results and the implications of the study for the practice of adult education are also discussed.8C1E-AFB9-6BE1 | Maria Teresa Martins Gon?alvesN/

Motives and beliefs of learners enrolled in adult education

The present study intended to identify adult learners? motives for enrollment, and to assess their self-determination, self- efficacy beliefs and academic self-concept in a sample of 310 adult learners attending three different types of courses (short courses; long, vocational courses; long, nonvocational courses), as well as relating these constructs to each other and assess differences according to background variables. Autonomous regulation showed a strong, positive relationship with the epistemic motive and moderate, positive relationships with self-efficacy and academic self-concept. Although learners scored high in both intrinsic and extrinsic motives, group mean comparisons revealed that some characteristics like lower qualifications, unemployment and being a male showed a stronger connection to an extrinsic orientation. These results are in line with SDT predictions about the quality of motivation and suggest that learners with the former characteristics could be more at risk of failure and drop-out. Overall this study highlights the relevance of examining motivational variables in adult learners. Considering the relatively scarce research in the field, future research should further investigate adult learners? motivational profiles and how they relate to achievement.8C1E-AFB9-6BE1 | Maria Teresa Martins Gon?alvesN/

The influence of students self-determination and personal achievement goals in learning and engagement: a mediation model for traditional and nontraditional students

This study aimed to explore school factors that influence students? achievements in Trendsin International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) in schools in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, inthe United Arab Emirates. The study sample for TIMSS 2015 consisted of 4838 students in eighthgrade; 2172 girls, 2666 boys, and 156 schools from Abu Dhabi attended and participated in TIMSS2015. Principal component analysis (PCA) was run on 77 items of school questionnaires administeredto school principals to provide information about the school contexts for teaching and learning. Thefive factors from the school questionnaire were general school resources, school discipline and safety,parental support, principal experience and education, and library and instruction resources. Multipleregression models were implemented to examine the impact of school factors on student achievementin TIMSS 2015. The models are statistically significant, indicating that they fit the data well. This alsodemonstrates a significant linear relationship between students? achievement in TIMSS 2015 and thevariables related to school factors.8C1E-AFB9-6BE1 | Maria Teresa Martins Gon?alvesN/

Mutações no campo da educação de adultos: sobre os caminhos da formação dos educadores Shifts in the field of the adult education: on training paths for adult educators

O campo da educação enfrenta na actualidade importantes desafios que têm levado ao surgimento de tensões e dilemas que forçam a sua reconfiguração. Neste âmbito, a formação de educadores de adultos também se confronta com diversos problemas, com destaque para aqueles induzidos pela prevalência de determinados modos de conceber e entender a formação. Foi na procura de modos alternativos e inovadores de conceber e desenvolver a formação de educadores de adultos que a Unidade de Educação de Adultos da Universidade do Minho participou no projecto A Good Adult Educator in Europe (AGADE). Neste texto, procura-se dar conta da definição de seis princípios orientadores da concepção de um dispositivo de formação de educadores de adultos.<br>In contemporary times the adult education field faces relevant shifts leading to the emergence of tensions and dilemmas that force its reconfiguration. Therefore, several problems rise in what adult educators' training is concerned, mainly these induced by the prevalence of certain forms of training. Searching for innovative ways of conceiving and developing adult educators training, the Unit for Adult Education of the University of Minho joined the project A Good Adult Educator in Europe (AGADE). In this paper, the authors wish to present six principles by which a disposal of adult educators training can be based on

Quantitative research in research on the education and learning of adults

This chapter starts from the observation that there is a limited presence of quantitative research published in leading adult education journals such as Adult Education Quarterly, Studies in Continuing Education and International Journal of Lifelong Learning. This observation was also discussed by Fejes and Nylander (2015, see also Chap. 7). As an adult education scholar mainly working with large quantitative datasets, I aim to provide more insight on what quantitative methods have to offer to the field. I will do this through a brief discussion of the role of methodologies and methods in empirical research, but also by engaging with examples of quantitative research available in the scholarly literature, including a range of existing quantitative scales, and how these can be taken forward in new research as tools to generate the construction of new knowledge. I will first explore potential reasons why the presence of quantitative research in the leading generic adult education journals is so limited

Effect of hydrolyzed infant formula vs conventional formula on risk of type 1 diabetes the TRIGR randomized clinical trial

IMPORTANCE Early exposure to complex dietary proteins may increase the risk of type 117 diabetes in children with genetic disease susceptibility. There are no intact proteins in extensively hydrolyzed formulas. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that weaning to an extensively hydrolyzed formula decreases the cumulative incidence of type 117 diabetes in young children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS An international double-blind randomized clinical trial of 211759 infants with human leukocyte antigen-conferred disease susceptibility and a first-degree relative with type 117 diabetes recruited from May 2002 to January 2007 in 78 study centers in 1175 countries; 11708117 were randomized to be weaned to the extensively hydrolyzed casein formula and 117078 to a conventional formula. The follow-up of the participants ended on February 28, 201177. INTERVENTIONS The participants received either a casein hydrolysate or a conventional adapted cow's milk formula supplemented with 20%of the casein hydrolysate. The minimum duration ofstudy formula exposure was 60 days by6 to 8 months ofage. MAINOUTCOMES ANDMEASURES Primary outcome was type 117 diabetes diagnosed according to World Health Organization criteria. Secondary outcomes included age at diabetes diagnosis and safety (adverse events). RESULTS Among 211759 newborn infants (11702117 female [47.3%]) who were randomized, 117744 (80.8%) completed the trial. The participants were observed for a median of 117117.5 years (quartile [Q] 117-Q3, 1170.2-1172.8). The absolute risk of type 117 diabetes was 8.4% among those randomized tothe casein hydrolysate (n = 9117) vs 7.6% among those randomized to the conventional formula (n = 82) (difference, 0.8% [95% CI, -117.6% to 3.2%]). The hazard ratio for type 117 diabetes adjusted for human leukocyte antigen risk group, duration of breastfeeding, duration of study formula consumption, sex, and region while treating study center as a random effect was 117.117 (95% CI, 0.8 to 117.5; P =.46). The median age at diagnosis of type 117 diabetes was similar in the 2 groups (6.0 years [Q117-Q3, 3.117-8.9] vs 5.8 years [Q117-Q3, 2.6-9.117]; difference, 0.2 years [95% CI, -0.9 to 117.2]). Upper respiratory infections were the most common adverse event reported (frequency, 0.48 events/year in the hydrolysate group and 0.50 events/year in the control group). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among infants at risk for type 117 diabetes, weaning to a hydrolyzed formula compared with a conventional formula did not reduce the cumulative incidence of type 117 diabetes after median follow-up for 117117.5 years. These findings do not support a need to revise the dietary recommendations for infants at risk for type 117 diabetes

Effect of hydrolyzed infant formula vs conventional formula on risk of type 1 diabetes the TRIGR randomized clinical trial

IMPORTANCE Early exposure to complex dietary proteins may increase the risk of type 117 diabetes in children with genetic disease susceptibility. There are no intact proteins in extensively hydrolyzed formulas. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that weaning to an extensively hydrolyzed formula decreases the cumulative incidence of type 117 diabetes in young children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS An international double-blind randomized clinical trial of 211759 infants with human leukocyte antigen-conferred disease susceptibility and a first-degree relative with type 117 diabetes recruited from May 2002 to January 2007 in 78 study centers in 1175 countries; 11708117 were randomized to be weaned to the extensively hydrolyzed casein formula and 117078 to a conventional formula. The follow-up of the participants ended on February 28, 201177. INTERVENTIONS The participants received either a casein hydrolysate or a conventional adapted cow's milk formula supplemented with 20%of the casein hydrolysate. The minimum duration ofstudy formula exposure was 60 days by6 to 8 months ofage. MAINOUTCOMES ANDMEASURES Primary outcome was type 117 diabetes diagnosed according to World Health Organization criteria. Secondary outcomes included age at diabetes diagnosis and safety (adverse events). RESULTS Among 211759 newborn infants (11702117 female [47.3%]) who were randomized, 117744 (80.8%) completed the trial. The participants were observed for a median of 117117.5 years (quartile [Q] 117-Q3, 1170.2-1172.8). The absolute risk of type 117 diabetes was 8.4% among those randomized tothe casein hydrolysate (n = 9117) vs 7.6% among those randomized to the conventional formula (n = 82) (difference, 0.8% [95% CI, -117.6% to 3.2%]). The hazard ratio for type 117 diabetes adjusted for human leukocyte antigen risk group, duration of breastfeeding, duration of study formula consumption, sex, and region while treating study center as a random effect was 117.117 (95% CI, 0.8 to 117.5; P =.46). The median age at diagnosis of type 117 diabetes was similar in the 2 groups (6.0 years [Q117-Q3, 3.117-8.9] vs 5.8 years [Q117-Q3, 2.6-9.117]; difference, 0.2 years [95% CI, -0.9 to 117.2]). Upper respiratory infections were the most common adverse event reported (frequency, 0.48 events/year in the hydrolysate group and 0.50 events/year in the control group). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among infants at risk for type 117 diabetes, weaning to a hydrolyzed formula compared with a conventional formula did not reduce the cumulative incidence of type 117 diabetes after median follow-up for 117117.5 years. These findings do not support a need to revise the dietary recommendations for infants at risk for type 117 diabetes