qqualitative research sampling

Introduction: In qualitative research the sampling process is usually determined by the methodology employed. However, this is not always evident in published qualitative research papers as many qualitative studies appear not to have a clearly defined methodological approach. Indeed, pragmatic researches focus on the need to adopt a flexible rather than rigid approach to application of qualitative methodologies. Therefore, this study was performed to review previous research to clarify qualitative sampling. Valid articles and books were used in this review study. Method: The keywords qualitative research and sampling were searched in Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), ProQuest, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Medline databases. Results: Although sampling methods in qualitative research are known as purposive sampling, there is an extensive spectrum of sampling methods such as quota, snowball, theoretical, critical cases, homogeneity, sequential, criterion, and combination sampling. Conclusion: The purpose of sampling in qualitative research is not to establish a random or representative sample draw from a population, but rather to identify specific groups of people, who either possess characteristics or live experiences relevant to the social phenomenon being studied. Informants are identified because they will enable the exploration of a particular aspect of behavior relevant to the research. The benefits of the qualitative approach to health care research are becoming increasingly recognized by both academics and clinicians. However, misunderstandings about the philosophical basis and the methodological approach remain. The process of sampling is one of the principal areas of confusion. Sampling is a very complex issue in qualitative research. This is due to the many variations of qualitative sampling described in the literature, and much confusion and overlapping of types of sampling. Keywords: Qualitative research, Purposive sampling, purposive sampling, samplin

Factors Associated with the Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis in Iran: Qualitative Study

BACKGROUND: Decision making about the type of dialysis in kidney failure is a matter of great importance involving the patients, his/her family, and the health care team. Identifying the factors influencing decision making for undergoing peritoneal dialysis helps the development of this therapeutic method in patients.AIM: The present study aims at explaining the factors influencing decision making about undergoing PD in ESRD patientsMETHOD: The present study is a qualitative research, which utilizes content analysis method. A semi-structured and in-depth interview was conducted with the 19 participants that selected by purposefully sampling. All interviews were recorded subsequent to receiving consent of the participants and were analyzed using content analysis method.RESULTS: The first codification process resulted in 345 codes, which finally decreased to 278 codes by continuous reading and removal of duplicates. Overall, two main categories and eight categories namely facilitating factors (viz. family atmosphere, hemodialysis problems, PD advantages, and social environment) and inhibitory factors (viz. inefficient family, PD requirements, attitudes towards hemodialysis, and the country treatment system) were selected from the total 19 sub-categories and 278 codes.CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that various personal, family-related, psychological, social, and economic factors could affect the decision on the type of dialysis in patients. Therefore, basic infrastructures such as social support, education, and even the specialist and positive perspective of the Ministry of Health are required to choose this therapeutic method

Nurses' and Physicians' Experiences of the Pattern of their Professional Relationship with Each Other: A Phenomenological Study

Introduction: Given the common work scope of nurses and physicians, and the complementarity of the two professions, professional communication is inevitable. Effective communication between physicians and nurses is shown to enhance patient care and increase professional successfully and satisfaction. This study aimed to assess nurses' and physicians' experiences of the pattern of their professional relationship with each other. Method: This was a qualitative research using phenomenological method. 15 semi-structured interviews were carried out with 8 nurses and 7 physicians. They described their experiences related to professional communication. The interviews were recorded and transcribed and the data were then analyzed using Colaizzi analysis method. Results: 317 codes, 4 themes, and 19 subthemes which influenced the nurse-physician relationship were emerged from data analysis. One of the main themes was perception of the relationship pattern. Professional relationships between physicians and nurses were described based on this theme. Conclusion: Based on the experience lived by nurses and physicians, to understand the professional relationship, perception of the relationship pattern should be known. It is an exponential relationship that improves the quality of patient care and nurses' and physicians' job satisfaction. Nurse-physician professional relationship improves via cooperation, interaction, and dealing, and threatens by authoritarian and relationship, lack of cooperation and interaction, and scapegoating. Keywords: Professional practice, Nurses, Physicians, Qualitative researc

Contradictions in the promotion of publishing academic and scientific journal articles, and the inability to cope with the new coronavirus (COVID-19)

Background: Translating research into practice is a central priority within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap. The underlying aim of the NIH Roadmap is to accelerate the movement of scientific findings into practical health care provisions through translational research. Main text: Despite the advances in health sciences, emerging infectious diseases have become more frequent in recent decades. Furthermore, emerging and reemerging pathogens have led to several global public health challenges. A question, and to an extent a concern, arises from this: Why our health care system is experiencing several challenges in encountering the coronavirus outbreak, despite the ever-growing advances in sciences, and the exponential rise in the number of published articles in the first quartile journals and even the ones among the top 1%? Conclusion: Two responses could be potentially provided to the above question: First, there seems to be a significant gap between our theoretical knowledge and practice. And second that many scholars and scientists publish papers only to have a longer list of publications, and therefore publishing is viewed as a personal objective, rather than for improving communities’ public health

A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of insomnia in the third trimester of pregnancy

BackgroundSleep disorders, which are among the foremost important medical care issues, are prevalent in pregnancy. The present study is a meta-analysis of the prevalence of insomnia in the third trimester of pregnancy. This study aims to systematically review the overall prevalence of insomnia in the third trimester of pregnancy through conducting a meta-analysis.MethodThe literature used in this meta-analysis for the topic discussed above were obtained through searching several databases, including SID, MagIran, IranDoc, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science (WoS), PubMed Science Direct and Google Scholar databases without time limitation until December 2020. Articles developed based on cross-sectional studies were included in the study. The heterogeneity of studies was investigated using the I-2 index. Also, the possible effects of heterogeneity in the studied studies are investigated using meta-regression analysis.ResultIn 10 articles and 8798 participants aged between11-40, the overall prevalence of insomnia in the third trimester of pregnancy based on meta-analysis was 42.4% (95% CI: 32.9-52.5%). It was reported that as the sample size increases, the prevalence of insomnia in the third trimester of pregnancy increases. Conversely, as the year of research increases, the prevalence of insomnia in the third trimester of pregnancy decreases. Both of these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).ConclusionInsomnia was highly prevalent in the last trimester of pregnancy. Sleep disorders are neglected among pregnant women, and they are considered natural. While sleep disturbances can cause mental and physical problems in pregnant women, they can consequently cause problems for the fetus. As a result, maintaining the physical and mental health of pregnant mothers is very important. It is thus recommended that in addition to having regular visits during pregnancy, pregnant women should also be continuously monitored for sleep-related disorders

Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public mental health. Therefore, monitoring and oversight of the population mental health during crises such as a panedmic is an immediate priority. The aim of this study is to analyze the existing research works and findings in relation to the prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, articles that have focused on stress and anxiety prevalence among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic were searched in the Science Direct, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science (ISI) and Google Scholar databases, without a lower time limit and until May 2020. In order to perform a meta-analysis of the collected studies, the random effects model was used, and the heterogeneity of studies was investigated using the I2 index. Moreover. data analysis was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Results: The prevalence of stress in 5 studies with a total sample size of 9074 is obtained as 29.6% (95% confidence limit: 24.3–35.4), the prevalence of anxiety in 17 studies with a sample size of 63,439 as 31.9% (95% confidence interval: 27.5–36.7), and the prevalence of depression in 14 studies with a sample size of 44,531 people as 33.7% (95% confidence interval: 27.5–40.6). Conclusion: COVID-19 not only causes physical health concerns but also results in a number of psychological disorders. The spread of the new coronavirus can impact the mental health of people in different communities. Thus, it is essential to preserve the mental health of individuals and to develop psychological interventions that can improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic