Henri Temianka Correspondence; (rostal)

https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/temianka_correspondence/2730/thumbnail.jp

The effect of salinity on habitat selection of two Oregon chiton species (Katharina tunicata and Mopalia hindsii)

Adult specimens of Katharina tunicata (mean weight = 10.23 grams) and Mopalia hindsii (mean weight = 10.90 grams) were tested for osmotic stress tolerance and oxygen consumption rates in a series of salinities (120%, 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% seawater) at 11°C and 16L:8D photoperiod. K. tunicata and M. hindsii displayed similar trends in percent body weight variation and volume regulatory responses to osmotic stress. However, K. tunicata experienced a significantly higher percent body weight increase than did M. hindsii in response to hypo-osmotic conditions (80%, 60%, and 40% seawater). The mean rates of oxygen consumption per salinity for the two species were not significantly different. Both species, however, showed reduced oxygen consumption rates and significantly increased weight gain in 40% seawater. SEM comparisons of radulae, ctenidia, and shape of the pallial groove revealed no significant differences between the species relevant to differences observed in habitat selection

A utilização da PRF em implantologia dentária

A colocação e função bem sucedida de um implante dentário, em alguns casos, pode tornar-se um verdadeiro desafio para o médico dentista. A PRF é um concentrado de plaquetas de segunda geração que promove a cura, acelerando a cicatrização dos tecidos duros e moles, limitando o risco de complicações pós-operatórias. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é determinar as indicações, vantagens e limitações da PRF no campo da implantologia. Para este trabalho foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed e ResearchGate, utilizando a seguinte combinação de termos de pesquisa: “PRF” e “implantology”. Foram selecionados artigos escritos em inglês, publicados entre os anos 2010 e 2021, num total de 134 artigos, dos quais foram selecionados 21 por possuírem os critérios de inclusão definidos. A PRF pode ser aplicada na medicina dentária, inclusive na implantologia. Parece ser um procedimento vanguardista podendo ser utilizado antes, durante ou após a colocação de implantes, melhorando a cicatrização e promovendo a regeneração óssea e a preservação dos tecidos peri-implantares. Devido à sua natureza autóloga, limita o risco de infeção e transmissão de doenças.The successful placement and function of a dental implant, in some cases, can become a real challenge for the dentist. PRF is a second-generation platelet concentrate that promotes healing by accelerating hard and soft tissue healing, limiting the risk of postoperative complications. The main objective of this work is to determine the indications, advantages and limitations of PRF in the field of implantology. For this work, a search was conducted in the PubMed and ResearchGate databases, using the following combination of search terms: "PRF" and "implantology". Articles written in English, published between the years 2010 and 2021, were selected for a total of 134 articles, of which 21 were selected for having the defined inclusion criteria. PRF can be applied in dentistry, including implantology. It appears to be a revolutionary procedure that can be used before, during or after implant placement, improving healing and promoting bone regeneration and preservation of peri-implant tissues. Due to its autologous nature, it limits the risk of infection and disease transmission

Effects of Training and Testosterone on Muscle-Fiber Types and Locomotor Performance in Male Six-Lined Racerunners (\u3cem\u3eAspidoscelis sexlineata\u3c/em\u3e)

Testosterone (T) is thought to affect a variety of traits important for fitness, including coloration, the size of sexual ornaments, aggression, and locomotor performance. Here, we investigated the effects of experimentally elevated T and locomotor training on muscle physiology and running performance in a nonterritorial male lizard species (Aspidoscelis sexlineata). Additionally, several morphological attributes were quantified to examine other characters that are likely affected by T and/or a training regimen. Neither training alone nor training with T supplementation resulted in increased locomotor performance. Instead, we found that T and training resulted in a decrease in each of three locomotor performance variables as well as in hematocrit, ventral coloration, and testis size. Strikingly, neither the size nor the fiber composition of the iliofibularis or gastrocnemius muscles was different among the two treatments or a group of untrained control animals. Hence, the relationships among T, training, and associated characters are not clear. Our results offer important insights for those hoping to conduct laboratory manipulations on nonmodel organisms and highlight the challenges of studying both training effects and the effects of steroid hormones on locomotor performance

Comparison of Intravenous Medetomidine and Medetomidine/Ketamine for Immobilization of Free-Ranging Variable Flying Foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus)

Medetomidine (0.03 mg/kg) and medetomidine/ketamine (0.05/5.0 and 0.025/2.5 mg/kg), administered by intravenous injection, were evaluated for short-term immobilization of wild-caught variable flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus). Medetomidine alone produced incomplete chemical restraint and a stressful, prolonged induction. Both ketamine/medetomidine doses produced a smooth induction and complete immobilization. The combined medetomidine/ketamine dose of 0.025/2.5 mg/kg produced a rapid induction (232±224 sec) with minimal struggling and vocalization, a complete and effective immobilization period, and tended to lead to a faster and better quality recovery than medetomidine alone or a higher dose of medetomidine and ketamine (0.05/5.0 mg/kg), thus reducing holding time and permitting an earlier release of the bat back into the wild

Hematology and serum chemistry reference ranges of free-ranging moose (Alces Alces) in Norway

This article is also available here: http://www.jwildlifedis.org/Baseline reference ranges of serum chemistry and hematology data can be important indicators for the status of both individuals or populations of wild animals that are affected by emerging pathogens, toxicants, or other causes of disease. Frequently, reference ranges for these values are not available for wildlife species or subspecies. We present hematologic and serum chemistry reference ranges for moose (Alces alces) adults, yearlings, and calves in Norway sampled from 1992–2000. Additionally, we demonstrated that both induction time and chase time were correlated with initial rectal temperature, although they were not significantly correlated with cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, or creatine kinase. Overall, the reference ranges given here are similar to those given for American moose, with a few differences that can be attributed to environment, testing methodology, or subspecies or species status. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of reference ranges for moose in Norway

Characterization of mosquito host-biting networks of potential Rift Valley fever virus vectors in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS : All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article and its additional files.ADDITIONAL FILE 1: FIGURE S1. Host-biting networks for A) reserve network and B) rural network of mosquitoes and their vertebrate hosts from the north-eastern KZN.ADDITIONAL FILE 2: FIGURE S2. The phylogenetic tree generated using from 64 mosquito sequences of COI was inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model with 1000 bootstrap replicates.ADDITIONAL FILE 3: TABLE S1. Generated mosquito sequences, their GenBank (Submission: SUB14487250) accession numbers, highest percentage similarity to their homologous sequences and query covers.BACKGROUND : Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus with serious implications for livestock health, human health, and the economy in Africa, and is suspected to be endemic in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. The vectors of RVFV in this area are poorly known, although several species, such as Aedes (Neomelaniconion) mcintoshi, Aedes (Neomelaniconion) circumluteolus, Aedes (Aedimorphus) durbanensis, and Culex (Lasioconops) poicilipes may be involved. The aim of the study was to determine the vertebrate blood meal sources of potential RVFV mosquito vectors in north-eastern KZN and to characterize the host-biting network. METHODS : Blood-fed mosquitoes were collected monthly from November 2019 to February 2023 using a backpack aspirator, CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light traps and tent traps, in the vicinity of water bodies and livestock farming households. The mosquitoes were morphologically identified. DNA was extracted from individual mosquitoes and used as templates to amplify the vertebrate cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplicons were sequenced and queried in GenBank and the Barcode of Life Data systems to identify the vertebrate blood meal sources and confirm mosquito identifications. All mosquitoes were screened for RVFV using real time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. RESULTS : We identified the mammalian (88.8%) and avian (11.3%) blood meal sources from 409 blood-fed mosquitoes. Aedes circumluteolus (n = 128) made up the largest proportion of collected mosquitoes. Cattle (n = 195) and nyala (n = 61) were the most frequent domestic and wild hosts, respectively. Bipartite network analysis showed that the rural network consisted of more host-biting interactions than the reserve network. All mosquitoes tested negative for RVFV. CONCLUSIONS : Several mosquito species, including Ae. circumluteolus, and vertebrate host species, including cattle and nyala, could play a central role in RVFV transmission. Future research in this region should focus on these species to better understand RVFV amplification.The project depicted was sponsored by the US Department of Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agency. AgriSETA and National Research Foundation of South Africa.https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/hj2024Centre for Veterinary Wildlife StudiesMedical VirologyProduction Animal StudiesSDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

Factors affecting the use of biosecurity measures for the protection of ruminant livestock and farm workers against infectious diseases in central South Africa

Biosecurity measures have been introduced to limit economic losses and zoonotic exposures to humans by preventing and controlling animal diseases. However, they are implemented on individual farms with varying frequency. The goal of this study was to evaluate which biosecurity measures were used by farmers to prevent infectious diseases in ruminant livestock and to identify factors that influenced these decisions. We conducted a survey in 264 ruminant livestock farmers in a 40,000 km2 area in the Free State and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa. We used descriptive statistics, to characterize biosecurity measures and farm attributes, then multivariable binomial regression to assess the strength of the association between the attributes and the implementation of biosecurity measures including property fencing, separate equipment use on different species, separate rearing of species, isolation of sick animals, isolation of pregnant animals, quarantine of new animals, animal transport cleaning, vaccination, tick control and insect control. Ninety-nine percent of farmers reported using at least one of the 10 biosecurity measures investigated (median [M]: 6; range: 0–10). The most frequently used biosecurity measures were tick control (81%, 214 out of 264), vaccination (80%, 211 out of 264) and isolation of sick animals (72%, 190 out of 264). More biosecurity measures were used on farms with 65–282 animals (M: 6; odds ratio [OR]: 1.52) or farms with 283–12,030 animals (M: 7; OR: 1.87) than on farms with fewer than 65 animals (M: 4). Furthermore, farmers who kept two animal species (M: 7; OR: 1.41) or three or more species (M: 7) used more biosecurity measures than single-species operations (M: 4). Farmers with privately owned land used more biosecurity measures (M: 6; OR: 1.51) than those grazing their animals on communal land (M: 3.5). Farms that reported previous Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks used more biosecurity measures (M: 7; OR: 1.25) compared with farms without RVF reports (M: 6) and those that purchased animals in the 12 months prior to the survey (M: 7; OR: 1.19) compared with those that did not (M: 6). When introducing new animals into their herds (n = 122), most farmers used fewer biosecurity measures than they did for their existing herd: 34% (41 out of 122) used multiple biosecurity measures like those of vaccination, tick control, quarantine or antibiotic use, whereas 36% (44 out of 122) used only one and 30% (37 out of 122) used none. Certain farm features, primarily those related to size and commercialization, were associated with more frequent use of biosecurity measures. Given the variation in the application of biosecurity measures, more awareness and technical assistance are needed to support the implementation of a biosecurity management plan appropriate for the type of farm operation and available resources.DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The data that support the study's findings and that can be disclosed per IRB protocol are available upon request from EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Ave Ste 1200, New York, NY 10018, from Melinda K. Rostal ([email protected]).The project depicted is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agency.http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/tbedhj2022Production Animal Studie

Farm-level risk factors of increased abortion and mortality in domestic ruminants during the 2010 Rift Valley fever outbreak in central South Africa

(1) Background: Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks in domestic ruminants have severe socio-economic impacts. Climate-based continental predictions providing early warnings to regions at risk for RVF outbreaks are not of a high enough resolution for ruminant owners to assess their individual risk. (2) Methods: We analyzed risk factors for RVF occurrence and severity at the farm level using the number of domestic ruminant deaths and abortions reported by farmers in central South Africa during the 2010 RVF outbreaks using a Bayesian multinomial hurdle framework. (3) Results: We found strong support that the proportion of days with precipitation, the number of water sources, and the proportion of goats in the herd were positively associated with increased severity of RVF (the numbers of deaths and abortions). We did not find an association between any risk factors and whether RVF was reported on farms. (4) Conclusions: At the farm level we identified risk factors of RVF severity; however, there was little support for risk factors of RVF occurrence. The identification of farm-level risk factors for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) occurrence would support and potentially improve current prediction methods and would provide animal owners with critical information needed in order to assess their herd’s risk of RVFV infection

Molecular Characterization of Group A Rotavirus from Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) at Human-Wildlife Interfaces in Bangladesh

Group A rotavirus (RVA) is an important cause of diarrhea in people, especially children, and animals globally. Due to the segmented nature of the RVA genome, animal RVA strains have the potential to adapt to the human host through re‐assortment with other co‐infecting human viruses. Macaques share food and habitat with people, resulting in close interaction between these two species. This study aimed to detect and characterize RVA in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh. Fecal samples (N = 454) were collected from apparently healthy rhesus macaques from nine different sites in Bangladesh between February and March 2013. The samples were tested by one‐step, real‐time, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four percent of samples (N = 20; 95% CI 2.7%–6.7%) were positive for RVA. RVA positive samples were further characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis of two structural protein gene fragments, VP4 (P genotype), and VP7 (G genotype). G3, G10, P[3] and P[15] genotypes were identified and were associated as G3P[3], G3P[15] and G10P[15]. The phylogenetic relationship between macaque RVA strains from this study and previously reported human strains indicates possible transmission between humans and macaques in Bangladesh. To our knowledge this is the first report of detection and characterization of rotaviruses in rhesus macaques in Bangladesh. These data will not only aid in identifying viral sharing between macaques, human and other animals, but will also improve the development of mitigation measures for the prevention of future rotavirus outbreaks