Космический мусор, как следствие человеческой деятельности

В данной статье рассматриваются проблемы загрязнения космического пространства. В статьеописывается, какими опасными могут быть космические полеты, даже беспилотные спутники находятсяв постоянной опасности. Кроме того, что мы можем предпринять для устранения этих проблем, кпримеру, выведенные из строя спутники должны быть аккуратно утилизированы, их можноперенаправить на более низкую орбиту или они могут сгореть в плотных слоях атмосферы. Если непредпринять вовремя необходимые мероприятия, то они могут столкнуться с еще действующимиспутниками и вывести их из строя, а это может привести к цепной реакции. В статье описывается, какзащищены спутники от внешнего воздействия и что проблема их утилизации должна решаться еще настадии проектирования. Если мы уже на данном этапе времени займемся данной проблемой, то мысможем оставить будущим поколениям чистый и безопасный космос.Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die Probleme der Weltraumverschmutzung dargestellt. Der Artikelbeschreibt, wie gefahrlich die Weltraummissionen sein konnen, dass sogar unbemannte Satelliten der standigenGefahr ausgesetzt werden. Genauso erfahren wir, was wir gegen diese Gefahren tun konnen, z.B. ausgedienteSatelliten vorsichtig zu entsorgen,indemman sie auf eine andere Umlaufbahn bringt oder in den festen Schichten derErde vergluhen lasst. Wenn man dies nicht macht, so konnen sie mit den funktionierenden Satellitenzusammensto?en und diese au?er Betrieb setzen, was zur einen Kettenreaktion fuhren kann. Zudem beschreibt derText, wie die Satelliten geschutzt werden z.B. mit Hilfe von Schottelementen und dass man die Probleme derEntsorgung schon in der Projektierung angehen muss. Wenn wir dieses Problem schon heute angehen, souberlassen wir unserer nachfolgenden Generation einen sauberen und sicheren Weltraum

Crucial role of SLP-76 and ADAP for neutrophil recruitment in mouse kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Neutrophils trigger inflammation-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), a frequent and potentially lethal occurrence in humans. Molecular mechanisms underlying neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation have proved elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that SLP-76 (SH2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kD) and ADAP (adhesion and degranulation promoting adaptor protein) are involved in E-selectin-mediated integrin activation and slow leukocyte rolling, which promotes ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI in mice. By using genetically engineered mice and transduced Slp76(-/-) primary leukocytes, we demonstrate that ADAP as well as two N-terminal-located tyrosines and the SH2 domain of SLP-76 are required for downstream signaling and slow leukocyte rolling. The Tec family kinase Bruton tyrosine kinase is downstream of SLP-76 and, together with ADAP, regulates PI3Kγ (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ)- and PLCγ2 (phospholipase Cγ2)-dependent pathways. Blocking both pathways completely abolishes integrin affinity and avidity regulation. Thus, SLP-76 and ADAP are involved in E-selectin-mediated integrin activation and neutrophil recruitment to inflamed kidneys, which may underlie the development of life-threatening ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI in humans

Coagulopathy and blood component transfusion in trauma

Trauma is a serious global health problem, accounting for approximately one in 10 deaths worldwide. Uncontrollable bleeding accounts for 39% of trauma-related deaths and is the leading cause of potentially preventable death in patients with major trauma. While bleeding from vascular injury can usually be repaired surgically, coagulopathy-related bleeding is often more difficult to manage and may also mask the site of vascular injury. The causes of coagulopathy in patients with severe trauma are multifactorial, including consumption and dilution of platelets and coagulation factors, as well as dysfunction of platelets and the coagulation system. The interplay between hypothermia, acidosis and progressive coagulopathy, referred to as the ‘lethal triad', often results in exsanguination. Current management of coagulopathy-related bleeding is based on blood component replacement therapy. However, there is a limit on the level of haemostasis that can be restored by replacement therapy. In addition, there is evidence that transfusion of red blood cells immediately after injury increases the incidence of post-injury infection and multiple organ failure. Strategies to prevent significant coagulopathy and to control critical bleeding effectively in the presence of coagulopathy may decrease the requirement for blood transfusion, thereby improving clinical outcome of patients with major traum

Robotic hand with remote control

В данной статье описывается процесс создания рабочей модели роботизированной руки сдистанционным управлением. Подобные устройства применяются во многих сферах деятельности человека, таких как автоматизированное производство, медицина, индустрия развлечений и, конечно, космонавтика. В этой статье, во-первых, подробно разъясняется процесс подбора компонентов, плюсы и минусы каждого из вариантов, во-вторых, поэтапно проиллюстрирован процесс сборки первого прототипа устройства, и в-третьих, изложен принцип работы устройства. В процессе разработки роборуки было выяснено, что управляющие алгоритмы для микроконтроллера не сложно написать самому. Однако организовать правильную работу датчиков оказалось весьма сложно. Автор предполагает, что это устройство будет одним из шагов к созданию высокоточных манипуляторов для использования в космосе.This article is described the process of creating of the working model of a robotic hand with remotecontrol. Similar devices are used in many fields of activity of society, such as automatic manufacture, medicine,entertainment industry and, of course, cosmonautics. This article firstly explained in detail the process of selectionof components, pluses and minuses of each of options, secondly, assembly process of the first prototype of the device is step by step illustrated, and thirdly, the working principle of the device is described. In the process of development of a robohand it has been found out that it isn't difficult to write the operating algorithms for the microcontroller. However to organize the correct operation of sensors it has appeared very difficult. The author assumes that this device will be ones more step to create high-precision manipulators for use in space

Bioactive Nanogels Mimicking the Antithrombogenic Nitric Oxide-Release Function of the Endothelium

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a significant role in controlling the physiology and pathophysiology of the body, including the endothelial antiplatelet function and therefore, antithrombogenic property of the blood vessels. This property of NO can be exploited to prevent thrombus formation on artificial surfaces like extracorporeal membrane oxygenators, which when come into contact with blood lead to protein adsorption and thereby platelet activation causing thrombus formation. However, NO is extremely reactive and has a very short biological half-life in blood, so only endogenous generation of NO from the blood contacting material can result into a stable and kinetically controllable local delivery of NO. In this regards, highly hydrophilic bioactive nanogels are presented which can endogenously generate NO in blood plasma from endogenous NO-donors thereby maintaining a physiological NO flux. It is shown that NO releasing nanogels could initiate cGMP-dependent protein kinase signaling followed by phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein in platelets. This prevents platelet activation and aggregation even in presence of highly potent platelet activators like thrombin, adenosine 5′-diphosphate, and U46619 (thromboxane A2 mimetic)