Can Education Change Society? by Michael Apple

Michael Apple, in his new book, Can Education Change Society, asks us to seriously consider the role of education as a substantive vehicle for engendering change at a societal level. While one might consider a flip answer to the question which acts as the title of this book, Apple pushes us a little harder toward an answer which seems carved in quicksilver: It depends. In his answer, Apple requires that we critically reflect on who we are, who the public is that education serves, what our better natures might be, what our experiences have been, how the historical crafting of academics in the United States predisposes us in various and specific directions, and how all those considerations constitute a knowledge base that acts upon us as we act upon it

Investigation Of The Mechanism Of Contraction Of The Isolated Guinea Pig Pulmonary Venule Induced By Hypoxia Or Anoxia

Since small pulmonary arteries are thought to be the major site of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), the response of pulmonary veins to hypoxia has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the response of isolated guinea-pig pulmonary venules to hypoxia (bath Po{dollar}\sb2{dollar}: 25 torr) and anoxia (bath Po{dollar}\sb2{dollar}: 0 torr) was characterized. Pulmonary venules (effective lumen radius (ELR): 119 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 1 {dollar}\mu{dollar}m) responded to hypoxia and anoxia with a graded, sustained, and repeatable contraction (hypoxia: 3 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 1 mg/mm; anoxia: 27 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 3 mg/mm), while paired femoral venules (ELR: 184 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 7 {dollar}\mu{dollar}m) contracted to the initial anoxic challenge only (5 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 2 mg/mm). The pulmonary venular contractions were calcium-dependent, but independent of the parenchyma.;Endothelial injury was induced by perfusion of vessel segments with either a mixture (HX/XO) of hypoxanthine (5 mM) and xanthine oxidase (0.05 U/ml), or with collagenase (2 mg/ml). HX/XO significantly (p {dollar}\u3c{dollar} 0.05) augmented pulmonary venular contractions to hypoxia (HX/XO: 3.2 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 1.0 mg/mm; control: 1.0 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 0.5 mg/mm) and anoxia (HX/XO: 35.1 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 6.6 mg/mm; control: 20.3 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 4.0 mg/mm), while superoxide dismutase (40 {dollar}\mu{dollar}g/ml) and catalase (323 {dollar}\mu{dollar}g/ml) prevented this augmentation. Collagenase also significantly (p {dollar}\u3c{dollar} 0.05) enhanced the anoxic contractions (collagenase: 36.0 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 3.7 mg/mm; control: 20.9 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 6.8 mg/mm). Neither gossypol (5 {dollar}\mu{dollar}M) or methylene blue (10 {dollar}\mu{dollar}M), nor indomethacin (5 {dollar}\mu{dollar}M) or ibuprofen (10 {dollar}\mu{dollar}M) affected pulmonary venular contractions to reduced Po{dollar}\sb2{dollar}.;Hypoxia and anoxia modestly, but significantly (p {dollar}\u3c{dollar} 0.01), enhanced leukotriene (LT) C{dollar}\sb4{dollar}- and LTD{dollar}\sb4{dollar}-induced pulmonary venular contractions. FPL 57231 (3 {dollar}\mu{dollar}M), LY 163443 (1 {dollar}\mu{dollar}M), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (5 {dollar}\mu{dollar}M), and U-60257B (10 {dollar}\mu{dollar}M) has no effect on pulmonary venular contractions induced by decreased Po{dollar}\sb2{dollar}. Anoxia depressed spontaneous LT release from pulmonary venules. SKF-525A (500 {dollar}\mu{dollar}M) depressed contractions elicited by both decreased Po{dollar}\sb2{dollar} and pharmacological agents; metyrapone (1 mM) was without effect. Induction of the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system with {dollar}\beta{dollar}-naphthoflavone did not alter pulmonary venular contractions induced by decreased Po{dollar}\sb2{dollar}.;In summary, the isolated pulmonary venule exhibits several characteristics of HPV in vivo. This model was used to show that the endothelium opposes, rather than mediates, the pulmonary venular contractions induced by decreased Po{dollar}\sb2{dollar}. Neither the leukotrienes nor cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid mediated these contractions, and there was no evidence of a mediating role for cytochrome P-450 metabolites of endogenous substrates

Segmentation of experience and episodic memory across species

How continuous ongoing perceptual experience is processed by the brain and mind to form unique episodes in memory is a key scientific question. Recent work in Psychology and Neuroscience has proposed that humans perceptually segment continuous ongoing experience into meaningful units, which allows the successful formation of episodic memories. Despite accumulating work demonstrating that non- human animals also display a capability of episodic-‘like’ memory, whether non-human animals segment continuous ongoing experience into ‘meaningful’ episodic units is a question that has not been fully explored. Hence, the main goal of the research in this thesis aims to address whether a comparable segmentation process (or processes) of continuous ongoing experience occurs for non-human animals in their formation of episodic-like memory, as it does for humans in their formation of episodic memory. Chapter 2 argues that, similarly to humans, rats can use top-down like prediction-error processing in segmenting for subsequent memory to guide behaviour in an episodic-like spontaneous object recognition task. Chapter 3 suggests that mice readily incorporate conspecific-contextual information using episodic-like memory processing, indicating that conspecifics can act as a segmentation cue for non-human animals. Chapter 4 highlights that humans and rodents may similarly segment continuous ongoing experience during turns made around spatial boundaries. Chapter 5 argues that individual place cells can represent content of episodic nature, with the theoretical implication of this being discussed in relation to episodic memory. Thus, the results presented in this thesis, as well as re-interpretation of previous literature, would argue in favour of non-humans segmenting their experience for episodic-like memory. Finally, the evidence is evaluated in the context of whether episodic-like memory in non-human animals is simply just episodic memory as experienced in humans

A Rapid Reaction to O\u27Bannon: The Need for Analytics in Applying the Sherman Act to Overly Restrictive Joint Venture Schemes

This Article reviews the recent and highly publicized district court decision holding that NCAA rules, which bar student-athletes from any compensation for image rights, violated the Sherman Act, and that big-time athletic programs could lawfully agree among themselves to limit compensation to $5,000 annually in trust for each athlete upon leaving school. This Article briefly discusses why the decision correctly found the current rule to be illegal, but also details why, under settled antitrust law, the critical question of how much compensation would significantly harm consumer appeal for college football and basketball is a question better left to marketing science experts. This Article then explains why neither the flawed survey offered in evidence by the NCAA, nor the anecdotal testimony of NCAA officials, should have been credited. Rather, this Article proposes, as a superior alternative, the use of conjoint analysis, a well-recognized technique of marketing science analytics employed to answer the critical legal question that the antitrust doctrine asks in cases like this

Carbohydrate Extraction from the Chorella Vulgaris Microalgae Strain

The cultivation and exploitation of microalgae biomass as a source of renewable fuels and other chemicals has been an active area of research due to microalgae’s high productivity and the relatively high concentrations of valuable intracellular components, like lipids (fatty acid-based oils), proteins, and polysaccharides. Commercialization of this technology will help mitigate global climate change by reducing fossil-derived products by producing analog renewable fuels and chemicals. Traditionally, the main focus of microalgae-based fuels/chemicals research and development has been on the lipids that many strains generate, but current research shows that solely recovering the oils may not be cost competitive with fossil-derived processes. However, if the polysaccharides can also be recovered and ultimately converted into useful chemical intermediates, this may improve the economics for microalgae-based sustainable product technologies. In this study, previously developed methods for carbohydrate extraction by microwave assisted hydrolysis were further investigated to optimize extraction conditions from Chlorella Vulgaris microalgae. The optimized microwave-assisted hydrolysis conditions resulted in the carbohydrate extraction of greater than 30% of dry Chlorella biomass, which is higher than traditional extraction methods by an autoclave. It was concluded that the microwave increased cell wall rupture compared to an autoclave and thus released more of the sugars contained in the cell wall. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a refractive index detector, I was able to identify that 98% of the total carbohydrates in the extracted fluids were a combination of glucose, galactose and mannose which is crucial because they do not require further hydrolysis prior to biofuel production. Course: IRES Programhttps://commons.und.edu/es-showcase/1021/thumbnail.jp

Convoy screening against a mixed submarine threat (U)

(U) The problem of convoy defense against a mixed threat of conventional and nuclear submarines is posed. A general, conceptual method of solution is offered from which a simple analytical model is constructed. Use of the model for obtaining optimal policies of screening force disposition is demonstrated. Underlying assumptions of the model and related tactical problem areas are discussed and analyzed.http://archive.org/details/convoyscreeningg109453040

LA EDUCACIÓN PARA UNA CIUDADANÍA PELIGROSA

El concepto de educación pública se encuentra bajo la influencia de las imágenes dominantes y dominadoras más que en la autentica comprensión de la complejidad de las realidades diarias del aula. Basándose en los trabajos de Debord y Foucault, especialmente en sus visiones libertarias y antiestáticas del poder, de la autoridad y del control en la sociedad contemporánea, este artículo examina cómo el control social se ejerce a través de las imágenes dominantes y una mezcla de vigilancia y espectáculo. En respuesta a estas condiciones, desarrollamos el concepto de «ciudadanía peligrosa». Reclamamos que las condiciones contemporáneas requieren de una Educación para la Ciudadanía antiopresiva, que se tome en serio las desigualdades sociales y económicas, y la opresión fruto del capitalismo neoliberal que restringe las posibilidades antiopresivas y establece unas pedagogías oficiales y sancionadoras. El poder pedagógico de la ciudadanía peligrosa reside: 1) en la capacidad de alentar al alumnado y al profesorado sobre las implicaciones de su propia enseñanza y aprendizaje; 2) en visualizar una educación focalizada en la libertad y en la democracia, y 3) en interrogar y deconstruir sus bienintencionadas complicidades con el sistema a partir de prácticas y textos culturales, especialmente para relacionar las condiciones opresivas con las prácticas culturales del mismo estilo, y viceversaConceptualizations of public schooling rest upon the influence of dominant and dominating images rather than on more authentic understandings of the complex realities of classroom life. Drawing upon the work of both Debord and Foucault, particularly their libertarian and anti-statist visions of power, authority, and control in contemporary society, this article examines how social control is exercised via controlling images and a merger of surveillance and spectacle. In response to these conditions we develop the concept of “dangerous citizenship.” We argue that contemporary conditions demand an antioppressive citizenship education, one that takes seriously social and economic inequalities and oppression that result from neoliberal capitalism and that builds upon the antioppressive possibilities of established and offi cially sanctioned pedagogies. The pedagogical power dangerous citizenship resides in its capacity to encourage students and educators to challenge the implications of their own education/instruction, to envision an education that is free and democratic to the core, and to interrogate and uncover their own well-intentioned complicity in the conditions within which various cultural texts and practices appear, especially to the extent that oppressive conditions create oppressive cultural practices, and vicevers

T-cadherin deficiency increases vascular vulnerability in T2DM through impaired NO bioactivity.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). T-cadherin (T-cad) has gained recognition as a regulator of endothelial cell (EC) function. The present study examined whether T-cad deficiency increases vascular vulnerability in T2DM. METHODS: Vascular segments were isolated from WT or T-cad knockout mice. Endothelial function, total NO accumulation, and the expression of T-cad related proteins were determined. RESULTS: Ach and acidified NaNO2 induced similar vasorelaxation in WT groups. T-cad KO mice exhibited normal response to acidified NaNO2, but manifested markedly reduced response to Ach. NO accumulation was also decreased in T-cad KO group. T-cad expression was reduced in WT mice fed 8 weeks of high fat diet (HFD). Furthermore, exacerbated reduction of vasorelaxation was observed in T-cad KO mice fed 8 weeks of HFD. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, we provide the first in vivo evidence that T-cadherin deficiency causes endothelial dysfunction in T2DM vascular segments, suggesting the involvement of T-cad deficiency in T2DM pathogenesis

How do newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes in the Waikato get their diabetes education?

Introduction: Education is accepted as the mainstay of management for people with diabetes. However, there are few population-based studies describing what education has been delivered from the patient's perspective. Aim: To ascertain the sources of education for patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes; what education was received and what were the patients' views of group education. delivery of education to Maori was compared with non-Maori. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of patients identified from the Waikato Regional diabetes service database. Patients identified in one calendar year, having a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and being aged between 20 and 89 years were included in the survey. Patients were sent a four-page questionnaire. non-responders were followed up by telephone. Results: 333/667 patients (50%) responded. The principal source of education for Waikato patients was general practice, from the general practitioner and/or the practice nurse. ninety-three percent of patients reported that they had received some education about diabetes at the time of diagnosis. There was no difference between Maori and non-Maori in the reported levels of diabetes education received, but the patient perceived knowledge score was significantly lower for Maori in all aspects studied. Discussion: The overall impression was that patients were receiving appropriate information about diabetes, but there does appear to be room for improvement in some areas, particularly the importance of blood pressure and lipid control. We believe that further research on the educational needs of Maori and ethnic minorities is needed