International law, national law and UN practice: a study of the complexity of black refugee women collective identity in Cairo

African Refugees thought that by crossing the borders, they were escaping war, carrying their dreams and hopes for a better future. They did not know that they would face another war in the state of asylum. African refugees are marginalized in Cairo as a result of intersecting legal systems. The international law, national law, and the UNHCR policies are the main three legal systems that guide the refugee life. The gaps and contradictions between the three different legal systems along with the practice of these laws have dictated the current vulnerability status of the African refugees living in Egypt. In the case of African refugee women, the three legal systems are argued to create sexual vulnerable bodies as an enforced identity. An intersectional analysis of race, class, gender, and refugee status is carried out to understand these women\u27s experience of sexual violence in Cairo. The international context of the African refugee women and the UNHCR policies despite the fact that international law and UNHCR has tailored a lot of policies and designed many programs that concentrate on the prevention and protection of refugee women against sexual violence, it does not make a real change or contribution in improving the vulnerable status that almost all the African refugee women in Egypt acquire but it is argued to be contributing in enforcing sexual vulnerability on African refugee women

Improved Spatial Modulation for High Spectral Efficiency

Spatial Modulation (SM) is a technique that can enhance the capacity of MIMO schemes by exploiting the index of transmit antenna to convey information bits. In this paper, we describe this technique, and present a new MIMO transmission scheme that combines SM and spatial multiplexing. In the basic form of SM, only one out of MT available antennas is selected for transmission in any given symbol interval. We propose to use more than one antenna to transmit several symbols simultaneously. This would increase the spectral efficiency. At the receiver, an optimal detector is employed to jointly estimate the transmitted symbols as well as the index of the active transmit antennas. In this paper we evaluate the performance of this scheme in an uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel. The simulations results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the optimal SM and V-BLAST (Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered space-time at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For example, if we seek a spectral efficiency of 8 bits/s/Hz at bit error rate (BER) of 10^-5, the proposed scheme provides 5dB and 7dB improvements over SM and V-BLAST, respectively.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS) Vol.3, No.2, March 201

Utilizing wastewater as nutrition source for the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris

Investigating alternatives for fossil fuels have always been an area of interest for scientist around the globe. The decline in the oil & gas stock along with the increasing demand for energy that accompanies the increase in population has created the need for an alternative energy solution. From the renewable energy solution, microalgae stand out as a very promising source for biofuel production due to its high lipid content. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae is still of a high cost compared to production of the same amount from fossil fuels. The unfeasibility commercial production for biofuel from microalgae goes back to the high cost in the cultivation process, mainly supply the cultivation medium with nutrients, extraction process, and transesterification process. This research aimed to reduce the cultivation process cost by investigating the substitution of required nutrients in the synthetic Woods Hole MBL (MBL) medium by those available in wastewater streams. Chlorella vulgaris was selected for this research for its high biomass productivity and its ability for adaptation in various media. Different cultivation conditions were tested to reach to growth rate close to which was recorded from the cultivation on synthetic medium (MBL). The research reached to the conclusion that a mixture between synthetic medium (MBL) and non-sterilized agriculture wastewater under indirect sunlight (16:8 light to dark cycle) achieved a growth rate close to the growth rate from cultivation on a pure synthetic medium (MBL). Regarding total lipids, The non-sterilizer agriculture wastewater and MBL mixture achieved the highest results after fourteen cultivation days. Both growth rates and total lipid results prove that a mixture between agriculture wastewater and synthetic medium (MBL) can be utilized as a substitution for the pure MBL medium. This substitution will support the objective of reducing the total cost for producing biofuel from microalgae

Managerial Succession Planning for School Principals

هدف البحث الحالي التحليل النظري لنموذج روثويل لتخطيط التعاقب وتوضيح خطواته المتسلسلة لتكوين القائد البديل، وكذلك التحليل النظري لبطاقة الوصف الوظيفي لمدير المدرسة بوزارة التربية والتعليم المصرية، للخروج ببعض المقترحات حول تكوين الصف الثاني القيادي بالمدرسة أو القائد البديل وذلك بطريقة علمية نموذجية ثبت نجاحها. ولتحقيق أهداف البحث تم الاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي لوصف وتوضيح الأبحاث والدراسات المتصلة بمتغيري البحث الحالي؛ ومحاولة الخروج بتعميمات نظرية يمكن الاستفادة منها، وخلص البحث إلى بناء مقترح لتخطيط تعاقب مدير المدرسة في ضوء نموذج روثويل، يتكون من سبع خطوات تتضمن كل خطوة مجموعة من الإجراءات التنفيذية التي تتم داخل المدرسة ومن خلالها يمكن تحقيق تخطيط التعاقب لمدير المدرسة.The aim of the current research was to theoretically analyze the Rothwell’s model for succession planning and to clarify its sequential steps for the preparation of the alternative leader, as well as to theoretically analyze the job description card (form) for the school principal in the Egyptian Ministry of Education, in order to come up with some suggestions for the preparation of the second-line leadership at school or the alternative leader in a model scientific manner that is proven successful. To achieve the aim of this research, the descriptive research method was adopted in order to describe and clarify the studies related to the two variables of the present research, in addition to attempting to come up with theoretical generalizations that can be used. This research concluded with a proposal to plan the succession of the school principal in light of the Rothwell’s model, which consists of seven steps, each step includes a set of executive procedures that take place inside the school and through which succession planning can be achieved for the school principal

RCD1 nuclear body dynamics and IDR2 phosphorylation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract Nuclear bodies (NB) have been studied for their importance of being one of the sites for gene regulation activities. RADICAL INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) has proven to be a potential nuclear protein in A.thaliana that localizes to NB. It can interact with different transcription regulators responsible for many physiological functions. One of which is light signaling. Hence, it shares mutual functions with some phytochrome photoreceptors (PHYs), e.g., PHYB. It also contains intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that stabilize RCD1 protein upon phosphorylation. This study aims to examine the colocalization events of RCD1 that coexpressed with PHYB in full-length RCD1 complementation line and domain deletion lines, given the fact that both RCD1 and PHYB have previously shown mutual interaction with some of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs). To achieve this aim, the colocalization of Venus-tagged RCD1 and Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged PHYB using confocal Microscopy was performed. Another objective is to study the phosphorylation effect of one of the IDRs between WWE and PARP-like domain -IDR2- on RCD1 NB localization. Two phosphomutants -non-phosphorylatable and phosphomimetic- constructs were transiently and stably expressed in the rcd1-4 background. Furthermore, they were screened using Confocal Microscopy. We were able to see the colocalization events in 2 domain deletion lines, RCD1-∆WWE-3xVenus and RCD1 ∆PARP 3xVenus. On the other hand, we could not see any colocalization in the RCD1 ∆RST 3xVenus, which indicates the importance of the RST domain in the colocalization. In addition, phosphorylation was found to affect the abundance of RCD1 protein in both transiently and stably expressed lines. Our study showed non-phosphorylatable forms of IDR2 having a higher abundance of RCD1 NB than the control line RCD1-3xVenus, whereas phosphomimetic IDR2 showed no signal. Collectively, Our experiments showed the effect of phosphorylation on RCD1 NB localization and the importance of the RST domain in the colocalization of RCD1 with PHYB

Styles of Madrasas in the Registan Square in Samarkand during (9th - 11th A.H / 15th - 17th A.D) centuries An Archaeological &Architectural study

Registan Square is regarded as one of the most beautiful remains of the Timurid State and its rulers who succeeded in the city. Prince Timur (771 - 807 AH / 1369 - 1405 AD) established it as a complex for Madrasas to spread science and culture and elevate the standard of the people in the city, after being merely a wide space where people gathered to listen to royal statements and witness the implementation of public judgments. Although Samarkand includes a number of Madrasas that are considered educational institutions in addition to being unique historical architectural monuments, there is little left of these Madrasas. Such few remains are a model of the architectural styles of Madrasas in Central Asia, which is the dominant Ioanian style in the region. Although these Madrasas were designed according to the Ioanian style prevailing in the architecture of Islamic Madrasas in general, they were treated in a special local way, granting them a distinct architectural and artistic trait, not only in Central Asia, but also in the architecture of Islamic Madrasas as a whole.Registan became the central square of Samarkand in the (9th AH/ 14th AD) century. square was used as commercial and craft center and Ulugbeg made it spiritual centre. Ulugbeg constructed a majestic madrasa and Sufi khanaka with a huge dome. By the (11th AH / 17th AD) century old buildings of Registan had been in collapse and the governor of Samarkand Yilnkush Bahadur built Shirdar Madrasa instead of Ulugbeg's khanaka and later Tila Carrey Madrasa

Obstetric complications and neonatal outcome of grandmultiparity: A comparative study

Background: The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of grand multiparity and the associated risks factors.  Methods: Four hundred thirty grand mutliparas (parity 5 or more) were compared with multiparous population (parity 2-4) with regard to maternal age, gestational age, mode of delivery, fetal and maternal outcomes and inter-current medical and obstetrical problems.Results: There were significant association between grand multiparity and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as cesarean delivery (OR=2.699, CI=2.072-3.515, P <0.001), fetal macrosomia (OR=1.675; 95% CI=1.004-2.796, P = 0.048), diabetes mellitus (OR=1.634, 95%CI=1.076-2.481, P = 0.021), and pregnancy induced hypertension (OR=1.838, 95% CI=1.054-3.204, P = 0.032). No significant associations were seen in placenta abruption, placenta previa, preterm labor, postpartum hemorrhage and the frequency of admission to neonatal intensive care unit. No prenatal or maternal mortality was reported in this study.Conclusions: Grand multiparity remains a major obstetrics problem. It is associated with many medical and obstetrical complications. In communities where large family is desirable it is important to address the value of family planning and conduction of meticulous antenatal care

Concerns Regarding Diabetes Mellitus among Adult Patients in Minia University Hospital

Background: Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) is a devastating chronic health illness bringing reasons for cessation of work and an increased attendance in emergency hospitals. Patients with type II DM badly need effective self-management for their illnesses which is enhanced through patients' success in solving their identified problems. The current study aimed to assess concerns of adult patients with DM in Minia City university hospital regarding their illness. Methods: A descriptive research design was utilized for the current study. All the available adult patients with type II DM meeting the inclusion criteria either admitted to or followed their diabetes at El- Mina university hospital within the  period between first of January to July 2013, were recruited to the current study (n=132). Data were collected by three instruments: a) structured interview questionnaire sheet, developed by the researchers, covered both patient's socio-demographic data and attitudes towards DM; b) insulin subcutaneous injection observational checklist adopted from (24) c) foot care observational checklist adopted from (25); both checklists were implemented by the researchers. Results: Results showed that, (24.2%) of the study sample were illiterate; (69.7 %) of the study sample were females where (51.5 %) of them were housewives. Also, (57.6 %) aged from 41 – 65 years with mean and standard deviation of 44.00 ± 12.79. Also, statistically significant differences were found between study sample's attitudes and their educational level, employment status, age, access to health facilities &amp; crowding index. Significant differences were found between study sample's self-care health practices of DM employment status, income and access to health care services. Statistically significant difference was found between study sample's performance of foot care and their performance of insulin subcutaneous injection (P=0.001). No statistically significant differences were found between either inpatient or outpatients' attitudes and self-care health practices regarding DM. Conclusion: The majority of study sample had negative attitudes and unsatisfactory self-care practices regarding DM. Recommendations: Developing quality evidence-based clinical practice guidelines regarding management of DM for healthcare professionals whenever patient needs clarification. Key wards: Concerns, Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Attitude, Self –Care Health Practices, Crowding Index.

Increasing the Size of a Piece of Popcorn

Popcorn is an extremely popular snack food in the world today. Thermodynamics can be used to analyze how popcorn is produced. By treating the popping mechanism of the corn as a thermodynamic expansion, a method of increasing the volume or size of a kernel of popcorn can be studied. By lowering the pressure surrounding the unpopped kernel, one can use a thermodynamic argument to show that the expanded volume of the kernel when it pops must increase. In this project, a variety of experiments are run to test the validity of this theory. The results show that there is a significant increase in the average kernel size when the pressure of the surroundings is reduced.Comment: Latex document, 14 pages, 4 figures, 1 page of table