Volatile compounds in the thermoplastic extrusion of bovine rumen

The volatile compounds of raw and extruded bovine rumen, extracted by dynamic headspace, were separated by gas chromatography and analyzed by GC-MS. Raw and extruded materials presented thirty-two volatile compounds. The following compounds were identified in raw bovine rumen: heptane, 1-heptene, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, toluene, hexanal, ethyl butyrate, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, heptanal, limonene, nonanal, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane and octadecane. The following compounds were identified in the extruded material: 1-heptene, 2,4-dimethylhexane, toluene, limonene, undecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane and nonadecane. Mass spectra of some unidentified compounds indicated the presence of hydrocarbons with branched chains or cyclic structure.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Essential oils from leaves of cryptocarya spp from the atlantic rain forest

The essential oils from leaves of four Cryptocarya spp endemic in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest were obtained by hydrodistillation and shown by GC-MS analysis to contain mono and sesquiterpenes. The major components of the oil of Cryptocarya moschata were linalool (34.3%), a-terpinene (17.0%), g-terpinene (10.4%), 1,8-cineole (5.8%) and trans-ocimene (4.8%), whilst those of C. botelhensis were a-pinene (22.7%), b-pinene (9.2%), trans-verbenol (8.4%), trans-pinocarveol (5.5%) and myrtenal (5.4%). The principal compounds of C. mandioccana oil were b-caryophyllene (13.8%), spathulenol (10.2%), caryophyllene oxide (7.8%), d-cadinene (6.9%) and bicyclogermacrene (6.4%), whilst those of C. saligna were germacrene D (15.5%), bicyclogermacrene (13.8%), spathulenol (11.8%) and germacrene B (5.7%).503507Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Essential oils from leaves of cryptocarya spp from the atlantic rain forest

The essential oils from leaves of four Cryptocarya spp endemic in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest were obtained by hydrodistillation and shown by GC-MS analysis to contain mono and sesquiterpenes. The major components of the oil of Cryptocarya moschata were linalool (34.3%), a-terpinene (17.0%), g-terpinene (10.4%), 1,8-cineole (5.8%) and trans-ocimene (4.8%), whilst those of C. botelhensis were a-pinene (22.7%), b-pinene (9.2%), trans-verbenol (8.4%), trans-pinocarveol (5.5%) and myrtenal (5.4%). The principal compounds of C. mandioccana oil were b-caryophyllene (13.8%), spathulenol (10.2%), caryophyllene oxide (7.8%), d-cadinene (6.9%) and bicyclogermacrene (6.4%), whilst those of C. saligna were germacrene D (15.5%), bicyclogermacrene (13.8%), spathulenol (11.8%) and germacrene B (5.7%)

Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from a wide range of species from the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil

The Neotropical Atlantic Forest is considered one of the world´s richest biome in plant and animal diversity, with high frequency of endemic species. In this work we studied the chemical composition of the essential oils from 41 plants, belonging to 13 botanical families, from distinct locations of the Atlantic rainforest in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and their compositions were determined by GC-MS. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the oils was investigated by growth-inhibition agar-diffusion assays, in the case of four bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium xerosis and Escherichia coli), while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for both bacteria and fungi. For the inhibition halo analyses, Melaleuca sp. essential oil and cefotaxime were used as positive controls, whereas sterile mineral oil was used as the negative control. The analyses showed that the most abundant compounds were mono- and sesquiterpenes, although Lauraceae and Myrtaceae species oils also contained phenylpropanoids and methyl ketones, respectively. Hierarchical clustering analyses demonstrated that the mono- and sesquiterpene composition of the investigated oils was not significantly determined by the botanical family, forest location or seasonality alone; alternatively, the combination of these factors determines the chemical phenotype. The vast majority of the isolated essential oils exhibited an in vitro activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species and the composition of the bacterial cell wall is the principal factor affecting the extent of the biological activity of the investigated essential oils. The contents of the detected monoterpenes positively correlated with the observed biological activity against the given bacterial strains. Elevated contents of α- and β-pinene positively correlated with the increased inhibition of Staphylococci growth, whereas increased levels of germacrene D were associated with the antibacterial activity against C. xerosis

Estudo da biologia reprodutiva, diversidade genética e química de populações de Ocimum selloi Benth

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo geral o estudo de populações de Ocimum selloi Benth. sob o ponto de vista da biologia reprodutiva, da variabilidade genética e química dos óleos essenciais, visando fornecer informações para seu uso inequívoco como planta medicinal e aromática em estudos futuros de melhoramento genético vegetal, cultivo e preservação da espécie. O material vegetal utilizado foi coletado na região de Piquete e Apiaí, estado de São Paulo, em Colombo, estado do Paraná e em Camanducaia, estado de Minas Gerais. O estudo da variabilidade populacional foi realizado pela análise de polimorfismo do DNA do tipo RAPD e a química por meio da análise da composição química dos óleos essenciais das folhas das populações naturais e cultivadas por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Os resultados revelaram uma forte estrutura genética entre as populações avaliadas, que também pôde ser verificada pelas diferenças observadas nos perfis químicos das plantas. O estudo da biologia reprodutiva revelou a existência predominante de autopolinização explicando o fato das análises da variabilidade genética das quatro populações (Apiaí/SP; Piquete/SP; Colombo/SP e Camanducaia/MG), demonstrarem que a diversidade está localizada entre as populações (variabilidade interpopulacional). A composição química dos óleos essenciais revelou divergências na proporção relativa das substâncias mais abundantes, onde para a população nativa de Piquete/SP, a substância mais abundante foi o germacreno D (26,22%), enquanto que plantas da mesma região cultivadas em Campinas/SP apresentaram elemicina (38,70%, 35,46% e 26,22%) na 1ª, 3ª e 4ª colheita, respectivamente, e transbergamoteno (21,13%) na 2ª colheita como principal composto. Para a população nativa de Apiaí/SP e para as plantas cultivadas em Campinas/SP...The general goal of the present study was to investigate Ocimum selloi Benth. populations from the standpoints of reproductive biology, genetic and essential oil chemical variability; in order to provide information for its safe use as medicinal and aromatic plant, for future breeding studies, the species cultivation and its preservation. Plant material was collected from the regions of Piquete and Apiaí, in the state of São Paulo; Colombo, state of Paraná and Camanducaia, state of Minas Gerais. The population variabiliy was studied by DNA polymorphism analysis using RAPD markers and the chemical diversity was investigated through composition analyses of the essential oils from leaves of natural and theis corresponding cultivated populations, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed a strong genetic structure among the populations, so that it agrees with the differences in the chemical profile of the plants. Reproductive biology studies revealed the predominance of self-pollination, in accordance to the genetic variation data from the four populations (Apiaí/SP; Piquete/SP; Colombo/SP e Camanducaia/MG); therefore demonstrating that the diversity is among the populations (interpopulation variability). The chemical composition of the essential oils was divergent in the relative proportion of the major compounds; the native population in Piquete/SP exhibited germacrene D (26.22%) as the most abundant component, whereas its corresponding individuals grown in Campinas/SP presented elemicine (38.70%, 35.46% and 26.22%) at the 1st, 3rd and 4th harvesting season and trans- - bergamotene (21.13%) at the 2nd harvesting season as main compounds. The native population from Apiaí/SP and its corresponding cultivated plants in Campinas/SP presented elemicine (22.68%, 28.70% and 32.90%, respectively) as the ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES