Epoxy-functional thermoplastic copolymers and their incorporation into thermosetting resins

While polymers have secured a place in the consumer, industrial, and military markets over the last seventy years, the next generation of polymers must become more renewable, more adaptive, and higher performing to bridge industrial needs and environmental gaps. To this end, unique network configurations of copolymers and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) have been employed to combine features of two or more polymers into a single material that surpasses the sum of its parts. The customization of polymer networks can be made possible via dual-functional monomers, molecules characterized by two different reactive substituents that allow for versatile methods of polymerization. This thesis expands the applications of such materials by investigating bio-based, aromatic, dual-functional monomers, vanillyl alcohol epoxy-methacrylate (VAEM) and gastrodigenin epoxy-methacrylate (GDEM), as alternatives to glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in thermoplastic copolymers with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Additionally, low molecular weight epoxy-functional thermoplastic copolymers poly(VAEM-co-MMA) and poly(GMA-co-MMA) were prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, blended at 5 wt% into an epoxy resin system containing EPON® Resin 828 and EPIKURE(TM) W Curing Agent, and cured thermally. The resulting IPNs were compared to the neat resin and evaluated for thermal and mechanical properties, where maintained thermal properties and marginal enhancements of stiffness and toughness were demonstrated

Extensive Behavioral Phenotyping of Williams Syndrome Locus Relevant Mouse Models to Assess Contributions of Oxytocin and Gtf2ird1

The Williams Syndrome Critical Region (WSCR) at chromosome 7q11.23 provides a unique opportunity to untangle the relationship between genotype and phenotype in complex behaviors, from fear and anxiety to sociability and sensorimotor processing. Copy number variations (CNVs) in this region result in two syndromes, Williams Syndrome (WS) and Duplication 7q11.23 Syndrome (Dup7), which display phenotypes that may align, indicating a common disruption of a system, or diverge, reflecting an underlying gene dosage-dependent effect. While case studies of atypical deletions resulting in WS have implicated telomeric genes Gtf2ird1 and Gtf2i in the cognitive and behavioral profiles of WS, proving causation requires utilizing mouse models. Thus, I leveraged the construct validity of a mouse line modeling the most common deletion in WS to assess pharmacological and genetic interventions in an attempt to ameliorate deficits caused by CNVs in the WSCR. I assessed the role of oxytocin in fear conditioning deficits observed in the Complete Deletion (CD) mice and show that an oxytocin antagonist delivered to the central nervous system does not rescue the contextual and cued recall impairments, suggesting no direct role for oxytocin dysregulation in these features of the CD model. No significant differences in oxytocin receptor density or distribution were found either. I then present a novel transgenic model designed to overexpress Gtf2ird1, one of the genes implicated in the hallmark cognitive and behavioral features of WS and characterize the effect of its overexpression on a C57BL/6J wild type background and its molecular rescue of Gtf2ird1 expression on the CD background in a comprehensive assessment of sensorimotor, anxiety, fear, and social behaviors. Deficits in the CD model are shown in all of these domains to various degrees and while Gtf2ird1 did not play a role in the enhanced social approach or motivation observed in the CD line, it did ameliorate deficits in three tasks (Platform, Rotarod and Light/Dark box). These results may support the idea that Gtf2ird1 is involved in sensory processing, which has been suggested particularly regarding the visuospatial deficits seen in WS

Assessing the impact of digital innovations in the London transportation network

Findings suggest that the digital innovations introduced by Uber disrupted the market and changed the nature of how people interact with the wider transportation system. Uber has made it easier for individuals to move around the city, filling a gap in the existing transportation system. Uber have rapidly achieved a leading position in the private hire taxi service across the city. Regulation for Black Cabs needs to change if they are to compete and remain a service in the broader customer market

Bristol and Bath by Design; To understand the economic and cultural value of design in the Bristol and Bath region

The aim of the project was to collect data on designcompanies in the Bristol and Bath region, and to gain abetter understanding of the economic and cultural valueof the design-led sector. To do this, our primary researchwas to develop a range of qualitative and quantitativemethods that could gather and then analyse the data

Multi-Modal Exercise Training and Protein-Pacing Enhances Physical Performance Adaptations Independent of Growth Hormone and BDNF but May Be Dependent on IGF-1 in Exercise-Trained Men

OBJECTIVE: Protein-pacing (P; 5-6meals/day @ 2.0g/kgBW/day) and multi-mode exercise (RISE; resistance, interval, stretching, endurance) training (PRISE) improves muscular endurance, strength, power and arterial health in exercise-trained women. The current study extends these findings by examining PRISE on fitness, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) response, cardiometabolic health, and body composition in exercise-trained men. DESIGN: Twenty active males (\u3e4daysexercise/week) completed either: PRISE (n=11) or RISE (5-6meals/day @ 1.0g/kgBW/day; n=9) for 12weeks. Muscular strength (1-repetition maximum bench and leg press, 1-RM BP, and 1-RM LP), endurance (sit-ups, SU; push-ups, PU), power (squat jump, SJ, and bench throw, BT), flexibility (sit-and-reach, SR), aerobic performance (5km cycling time-trial, TT), GH, IGF-1, BDNF, augmentation index, (AIx), and body composition, were assessed at weeks 0 (pre) and 13 (post). RESULTS:At baseline, no differences existed between groups except for GH (RISE, 230±13 vs. PRISE, 382±59pg/ml, p CONCLUSIONS: Exercise-trained men consuming a P diet combined with multi-component exercise training (PRISE) enhance muscular power, strength, aerobic performance, and flexibility which are not likely related to GH or BDNF but possibly to IGF-1 response

Organic Cation Transporter 3 and the Dopamine Transporter Differentially Regulate Catecholamine Uptake in the Basolateral Amygdala and Nucleus Accumbens

Regional alterations in kinetics of catecholamine uptake are due in part to variations in clearance mechanisms. The rate of clearance is a critical determinant of the strength of catecholamine signaling. Catecholamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) is of particular interest due to involvement of these regions in cognition and motivation. Previous work has shown that catecholamine clearance in the NAcc is largely mediated by the dopamine transporter (DAT), but clearance in the BLA is less DAT‐dependent. A growing body of literature suggests that organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) also contributes to catecholamine clearance in both regions. Consistent with different clearance mechanisms between regions, catecholamine clearance is more rapid in the NAcc than in the BLA, though mechanisms underlying this have not been resolved. We compared the expression of DAT and OCT3 and their contributions to catecholamine clearance in the NAcc and BLA. We found DAT protein levels were ~ 4‐fold higher in the NAcc than in the BLA, while OCT3 protein expression was similar between the two regions. Immunofluorescent labeling of the two transporters in brain sections confirmed these findings. Ex vivo voltammetry demonstrated that the magnitude of catecholamine release was greater, and the clearance rate was faster in the NAcc than in the BLA. Additionally, catecholamine clearance in the BLA was more sensitive to the OCT3 inhibitor corticosterone, while clearance in the NAcc was more cocaine sensitive. These distinctions in catecholamine clearance may underlie differential effects of catecholamines on behavioral outputs mediated by these regions

Relative rates of cancers and deaths in Australian communities with PFAS exposure.

Objectives The use of firefighting foam containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has resulted in environmental contamination in three Australian communities. We examined whether people who had lived in these communities had higher rates of selected cancers and causes of deaths than those who had lived in comparison areas without known contamination. Approach The three exposure areas of interest were in Katherine (NT), Oakey (Qld) and Williamtown (NSW). We identified those who ever lived in exposure areas by linking street addresses in these areas to addresses collected in Medicare (1983-2019)—a consumer directory for Australia’s universal healthcare system. We also identified a sample of those who had lived in selected comparison areas. Exposed and comparison populations were then linked to Australia’s national cancer and death registries. We estimated standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) for 23 cancers, four causes of death and three control outcomes, adjusting for sex, age and calendar time of diagnosis. Results We observed higher rates of prostate cancer (SIR = 1·76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·36–2·24) in Katherine; laryngeal cancer (SIR = 2·71, 95% CI 1·30–4·98), kidney cancer (SIR = 1·82, 95% CI 1·04–2·96) and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (SIR = 1·81, 95% CI 1·46–2·33) in Oakey; and lung cancer (SIR = 1·83, 95% CI 1·39–2·38) and CHD mortality (SIR = 1·22, 95% CI 1·01–1·47) in Williamtown. We also saw elevated SIRs for control outcomes—outcomes not known or thought to be associated with PFAS exposure. SIRs for all other outcomes and overall cancer were similar across exposure and comparison areas. Conclusion There was limited evidence to support an association between PFAS exposure and risk of cancer. There was modest evidence of an association with CHD mortality, which merits further study given the links between PFAS and elevated blood lipids

Expanding the diversity of mycobacteriophages: insights into genome architecture and evolution.

Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect mycobacterial hosts such as Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All mycobacteriophages characterized to date are dsDNA tailed phages, and have either siphoviral or myoviral morphotypes. However, their genetic diversity is considerable, and although sixty-two genomes have been sequenced and comparatively analyzed, these likely represent only a small portion of the diversity of the mycobacteriophage population at large. Here we report the isolation, sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of 18 new mycobacteriophages isolated from geographically distinct locations within the United States. Although no clear correlation between location and genome type can be discerned, these genomes expand our knowledge of mycobacteriophage diversity and enhance our understanding of the roles of mobile elements in viral evolution. Expansion of the number of mycobacteriophages grouped within Cluster A provides insights into the basis of immune specificity in these temperate phages, and we also describe a novel example of apparent immunity theft. The isolation and genomic analysis of bacteriophages by freshman college students provides an example of an authentic research experience for novice scientists