Explorando alguns temas relacionados à sexualidade junto aos Wajãpi do Amapari (AP)

This article aims to explore Wajãpi theories and practices related to sexuality. Two specific dimensions will be developed here: the sexual initiation of young women and extramarital relations. Both issues are key to understanding the Wajãpi sexualities and contribute to the deconstruction of prejudices cast by the karai kõ (non-indians). Sexual relations, beyond fulfilling desires, allow to put in motion a major principle related to the socio-political dimension of the group: the spread of substances through affinization and predation.Este artigo pretende explorar teorias e práticas wajãpi relacionadasà sexualidade. Serão desenvolvidas aqui duas dimensões específicas: a iniciaçãosexual de jovens mulheres e as relações extraconjugais. Ambos os temas são fundamentaispara a compreensão das sexualidades wajãpi e contribuem para desconstruçãode preconceitos proferidos pelos karai kõ (não índios). As relaçõessexuais, além de suprirem os desejos, permitem colocar em movimento um princípiomaior, que diz respeito à própria dimensão sociopolítica: a disseminação desubstâncias via afinização e predação.

Black-Box: an anthropological study on \"altered states\" diagnosed by biomedicine as mental disorders among the Wajãpi do Amapari

Esta pesquisa investiga a multiplicação dos diagnósticos de doenças mentais junto aos Wajãpi do Amapari e, concomitantemente, o aumento gradativo e discreto de prescrições de medicamentos psicotrópicos. A fim de compreender este fenômeno, são analisadas as explicações fornecidas pelas famílias acerca dos estados alterados de seus parentes, bem como os vários caminhos trilhados na tentativa de reversão dos mesmos. Nestes, as famílias estabelecem relações com os mais diversos agentes: pajés, médicos, psicólogos, missionários, pastores e curandeiros. Todas as relações abordadas nesse trabalho reforçam que, para os Wajãpi, só é possível viver realizando composições.This research investigates the multiplication of mental illness diagnosis among the Wajãpi of Amapari and in parallel the gradual and discrete rise in prescriptions of psychotropical medications. In order to understand this phenomenon, the study analyzes both the family explanations about the altered states of their relatives and also the different paths taken to try to reverse such states. In doing so, these families establish relations with very different agents, such as: shamans, doctors, psychologists, missionaries, pastors and healers. All the relations described in this study reinforce the idea that, to Wajãpi, it is only possible to live realizing different compositions

Black-Box: an anthropological study on \"altered states\" diagnosed by biomedicine as mental disorders among the Wajãpi do Amapari

Esta pesquisa investiga a multiplicação dos diagnósticos de doenças mentais junto aos Wajãpi do Amapari e, concomitantemente, o aumento gradativo e discreto de prescrições de medicamentos psicotrópicos. A fim de compreender este fenômeno, são analisadas as explicações fornecidas pelas famílias acerca dos estados alterados de seus parentes, bem como os vários caminhos trilhados na tentativa de reversão dos mesmos. Nestes, as famílias estabelecem relações com os mais diversos agentes: pajés, médicos, psicólogos, missionários, pastores e curandeiros. Todas as relações abordadas nesse trabalho reforçam que, para os Wajãpi, só é possível viver realizando composições.This research investigates the multiplication of mental illness diagnosis among the Wajãpi of Amapari and in parallel the gradual and discrete rise in prescriptions of psychotropical medications. In order to understand this phenomenon, the study analyzes both the family explanations about the altered states of their relatives and also the different paths taken to try to reverse such states. In doing so, these families establish relations with very different agents, such as: shamans, doctors, psychologists, missionaries, pastors and healers. All the relations described in this study reinforce the idea that, to Wajãpi, it is only possible to live realizing different compositions

The effect of combined bleaching techniques on oral microbiota

Aims : To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 10% and 37% carbamide peroxide during dental bleaching in three different modes. Materials and Methods : This five-week double-blind randomized controlled trial included 32 volunteers assigned to four groups (n = 8). Each group received bleaching agents or placebo as an in-office and at-home treatment. The dental bleaching techniques were: In-office bleaching (37% carbamide peroxide: CP37); at-home bleaching (10% carbamide peroxide: CP10) and the association of both (CP37 and CP10). Saliva samples were collected right before (baseline), right after, 12 hours after, and seven days after the treatment. Counts of total microorganisms, Streptococci, and Mutans streptococci were carried out. Friedman test (α = 0.05) was used to compare the microorganism counts. Results : The number of the all oral microorganisms remained stable during all experiment. Conclusions : No bleaching agent (CP37, CP10 or the combination of both) was able to reduce the oral microorganisms tested

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Unexplored Brazilian Native Fruits

<div><p>Brazilian native fruits are unmatched in their variety, but a poorly explored resource for the development of food and pharmaceutical products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenolic composition as well as the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts of leaves, seeds, and pulp of four Brazilian native fruits (<i>Eugenia leitonii</i>, <i>Eugenia involucrata</i>, <i>Eugenia brasiliensis</i>, and <i>Eugenia myrcianthes</i>). GC—MS analyses of the ethanolic extracts showed the presence of epicatechin and gallic acid as the major compounds in these fruits. Antioxidant activity was measured using synthetic DPPH free-radical scavenging, β-carotene bleaching assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROO·, O₂·⁻, and HOCl). The fruit extracts also exhibited antioxidant effect against biologically relevant radicals such as peroxyl, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid. In general, the pulps were the fruit fractions that exhibited the lowest antioxidant activities, whereas the leaves showed the highest ones. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in an <i>in vivo</i> model using the carrageenan-induced neutrophil migration assay, which evaluates the inflammatory response in the acute phase. The pulp, seeds, and leaves of these fruits reduced the neutrophil influx by 40% to 64%. Based on these results, we suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of these native fruits is related to the modulation of neutrophil migration, through the inhibition of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules, as well as to the antioxidant action of their ethanolic extracts in scavenging the free-radicals released by neutrophils. Therefore, these native fruits can be useful to produce food additives and functional foods.</p></div

Unexplored endemic fruit species from Brazil: antibiofilm properties, insights into mode of action, and systemic toxicity of four Eugenia spp

CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOBrazilian endemic fruit species have aroused attention due to their highly valuable, yet unexplored, agroindustrial, food and therapeutic potential. Herein, we describe the antifungal activity of four Eugenia spp. against Candida albicans biofilms, and further demonstrate insights into their potential mode(s) of action and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Extracts from different parts (seeds, pulps, leaves) of E. leitonii (EL), E. brasiliensis (EB), E. myrcianthes (EM) and E. involucrata (EI) were obtained (S23 degrees 23',W45 degrees 39') and chemically characterized by GC/MS. The active extracts were tested against C albicans biofilm viability and architecture, as well as mode of action, and toxicology using RAW 264.7 macrophages and Galleria mellonella larvae. The MIC values ranged from 15.62 to > 2000 mu g/mL. The most active extracts were EL (seed, 15.62 mu g/mL) and EB (leaf and seeds, 31.25 and 15.62 mu g/mL, respectively). Treatment with these extracts at 10xMIC reduced biofilm viability by 54-55% (P 0.05) and G. mellonella larvae, with mean in vivo LD50 of 1500 mg/kg (EL, seeds); 2500 mg/kg (EB, seeds); and 1250 mg/kg (EB, leaf). The phenolic compounds epicatechin and gallic acid were the major constituents in the extracts. Our findings may open avenues for the application of these yet unexplored native fruits in the food and pharmaceutical industry. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Brazilian endemic fruit species have aroused attention due to their highly valuable, yet unexplored, agroindustrial, food and therapeutic potential. Herein, we describe the antifungal activity of four Eugenia spp. against Candida albicans biofilms, and further demonstrate insights into their potential mode(s) of action and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Extracts from different parts (seeds, pulps, leaves) of E. leitonii (EL), E. brasiliensis (EB), E. myrcianthes (EM) and E. involucrata (EI) were obtained (S23 degrees 23',W45 degrees 39') and chemically characterized by GC/MS. The active extracts were tested against C albicans biofilm viability and architecture, as well as mode of action, and toxicology using RAW 264.7 macrophages and Galleria mellonella larvae. The MIC values ranged from 15.62 to > 2000 mu g/mL. The most active extracts were EL (seed, 15.62 mu g/mL) and EB (leaf and seeds, 31.25 and 15.62 mu g/mL, respectively). Treatment with these extracts at 10xMIC reduced biofilm viability by 54-55% (P 0.05) and G. mellonella larvae, with mean in vivo LD50 of 1500 mg/kg (EL, seeds); 2500 mg/kg (EB, seeds); and 1250 mg/kg (EB, leaf). The phenolic compounds epicatechin and gallic acid were the major constituents in the extracts. Our findings may open avenues for the application of these yet unexplored native fruits in the food and pharmaceutical industry105280287CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO474335/201352011/15984-0; 2011/25080-7; 2013/26251-

The effect of combined bleaching techniques on oral microbiota

CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOTo evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 10% and 37% carbamide peroxide during dental bleaching in three different modes. This five-week double-blind randomized controlled trial included 32 volunteers assigned to four groups (n = 8). Each group received bleaching agents or placebo as an in-office and at-home treatment. The dental bleaching techniques were: In-office bleaching (37% carbamide peroxide: CP37); at-home bleaching (10% carbamide peroxide: CP10) and the association of both (CP37 and CP10). Saliva samples were collected right before (baseline), right after, 12 hours after, and seven days after the treatment. Counts of total microorganisms, Streptococci, and Mutans streptococci were carried out. Friedman test (alpha = 0.05) was used to compare the microorganism counts. The number of the all oral microorganisms remained stable during all experiment. No bleaching agent (CP37, CP10 or the combination of both) was able to reduce the oral microorganisms tested.To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 10% and 37% carbamide peroxide during dental bleaching in three different modes. This five-week double-blind randomized controlled trial included 32 volunteers assigned to four groups (n = 8). Each group received bleaching agents or placebo as an in-office and at-home treatment. The dental bleaching techniques were: In-office bleaching (37% carbamide peroxide: CP37); at-home bleaching (10% carbamide peroxide: CP10) and the association of both (CP37 and CP10). Saliva samples were collected right before (baseline), right after, 12 hours after, and seven days after the treatment. Counts of total microorganisms, Streptococci, and Mutans streptococci were carried out. Friedman test (α = 0.05) was used to compare the microorganism counts. The number of the all oral microorganisms remained stable during all experiment. No bleaching agent (CP37, CP10 or the combination of both) was able to reduce the oral microorganisms tested203304307CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOsem informaçã

Anti-inflammatory activity and polyphenolic profile of the hydroalcoholic seed extract of Eugenia leitonii, an unexplored brazilian native fruit

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOThis study determined the anti-inflammatory activity, mechanisms of action, and polyphenolic profile of Eugenia leitonii seed extract. The total phenolic content of the hydroethanolic extract from E. leitonii seeds (ESEL) was measured, and its phenolic compounds were identified by LC-MS/MS. The ESEL was submitted to in vitro (RAW264.7) and in vivo assays on neutrophil migration; expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1; release of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and CXCL2/ MIP-2; NF-kappa B activation; and carrageenan-induced paw oedema. ESEL yielded total phenolic content of 158.74 +/- 3.5 mg GAE/g, with the presence of flavonols, anthocyanins and ellagitannins. ESEL significantly reduced neutrophil migration; decreased the expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1; decreased the release of TNF-alpha and CXCL2/MIP-2, as well as NF-kappa B activation and paw oedema in mice. Thus, this extract showed to be a promising source of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting neutrophil migration through a decrease in the release of TNF-alpha and CXCL2/MIP-2 (NF-kappa B pathway) in macrophages. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This study determined the anti-inflammatory activity, mechanisms of action, and polyphenolic profile of Eugenia leitonii seed extract. The total phenolic content of the hydroethanolic extract from E. leitonii seeds (ESEL) was measured, and its phenolic compounds were identified by LC-MS/MS. The ESEL was submitted to in vitro (RAW264.7) and in vivo assays on neutrophil migration; expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1; release of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and CXCL2/ MIP-2; NF-kappa B activation; and carrageenan-induced paw oedema. ESEL yielded total phenolic content of 158.74 +/- 3.5 mg GAE/g, with the presence of flavonols, anthocyanins and ellagitannins. ESEL significantly reduced neutrophil migration; decreased the expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1; decreased the release of TNF-alpha and CXCL2/MIP-2, as well as NF-kappa B activation and paw oedema in mice. Thus, this extract showed to be a promising source of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting neutrophil migration through a decrease in the release of TNF-alpha and CXCL2/MIP-2 (NF-kappa B pathway) in macrophages26249257FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO2013/26251-0; 2013/13190-

GC/MS chromatograms of extracts of leaves, seeds, and pulp of four Brazilian native fruit species and standards of phenolic compounds.

<p>(1) <i>m</i>-coumaric acid, (2) <i>p</i>-coumaric acid, (3) gallic acid, (4) sinapic acid, (5) (-)-epicatechin, (6) quercetin.</p

Content of total phenolic compounds in the ethanolic extracts of leaves, seeds, and pulp of four Brazilian native fruit species.

<p>Content of total phenolic compounds in the ethanolic extracts of leaves, seeds, and pulp of four Brazilian native fruit species.</p