Can the understory affect the Hymenoptera parasitoids in a Eucalyptus plantation?

The understory in forest plantations can increase richness and diversity of natural enemies due to greater plant species richness. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the presence of the understory and climatic season in the region (wet or dry) can increase the richness and abundance of Hymenoptera parasitoids in Eucalyptus plantations, in the municipality of Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In each eucalyptus cultivation (five areas of cultivation) ten Malaise traps were installed, five with the understory and five without it. A total of 9,639 individuals from 30 families of the Hymenoptera parasitoids were collected, with Mymaridae, Scelionidae, Encyrtidae and Braconidae being the most collected ones with 4,934, 1,212, 619 and 612 individuals, respectively. The eucalyptus stands with and without the understory showed percentage of individuals 45.65% and 54.35% collected, respectively. The understory did not represent a positive effect on the overall abundance of the individuals Hymenoptera in the E. grandis stands, but rather exerted a positive effect on the specific families of the parasitoids of this order

Mean number of individuals collected with Malaise traps type in eucalypt plantations with and without understory in Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

<p>Mean number of individuals collected with Malaise traps type in eucalypt plantations with and without understory in Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p

Number of individuals, richness, diversity and dominance of Hymenoptera families, collected with Malaise traps type in Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brazil eucalypt plantations.

<p>Number of individuals, richness, diversity and dominance of Hymenoptera families, collected with Malaise traps type in Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brazil eucalypt plantations.</p

Abundance of individuals from families of Hymenoptera parasitoids collected with Malaise traps in stands of <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> with and without understory.

<p>Municipality of Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brazil. <i>Eucalyptus</i> understory—full signal, no eucalyptus understory—open signs.</p

Analysis of variance for the number of individuals of the high abundance families of Hymenoptera parasitoids (Families) collected in <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> with and without understory.

<p>Municipality of Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p

Abundance of of Hymenoptera parasitoid individuals collected with Malaise traps in <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> stands without and with understory and total number of individuals collected, Municipality of Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

<p>Abundance of of Hymenoptera parasitoid individuals collected with Malaise traps in <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> stands without and with understory and total number of individuals collected, Municipality of Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p

Innovación y emprendimiento desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria

Desde la primera década del siglo XXI, son notables los estudios multidisciplinarios de la innovación y el emprendimiento, en particular, se incorporan saberes provenientes de la sociología y la administración. Los enfoques Triple Hélice e innovación social ponen de manifiesto este carácter multifacético que trastoca la frontera económica para incluir otros agentes como los gobiernos, el sistema educativo y la sociedad en general. Bajo esta circunstancia, el objetivo de este libro es proporcionar una panorámica de la innovación y el emprendimiento desde diversos ángulos