Conversational strategies in EFL setting: gender X floor domination

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente.Este estudo examina como se desenvolve a conversação em sala de aula numa escola particular de inglês. Seguindo os passos de uma pesquisa desenvolvida por Bergvall & Remlinger (1996) na Universidade Tecnológica em Michigan e com base na teoria sobre linguagem e gênero e sobre os papéis que o gênero ocupa em sala de aula, descrevo alguns exemplos de conversação ocorridos em sala e identifico estratégias e comportamentos usados pelos alunos. No desenvolvimento desta pesquisa focalizei minha atenção na identifição de papéis tradicionais de gênero masculino e feminino em salas de EFL (inglês como língua estrangeira). A fim de tirar conclusões sobre a participação dos estudantes, utilizei métodos quantitativos e qualitativos. Através do método quantitativo, observei que os participantes do sexo feminino ocupavam menos espaço em conversações do que os participantes do sexo masculino. Porém, sabendo que a simples contagem de palavras dos alunos e alunas não é suficiente para que se tenha uma idéia mais exata sobre a participação dos estudantes, privilegiei os resultados obtidos através de métodos qualitativos, entre os quais: transcrição de gravações de aulas, informações obtidas nas entrevistas individuais com os alunos, observações anotadas durante a assistência de aulas e a natureza positiva ou negativa das estratégias usadas pelos alunos, respectivamente: Tarefas-continuativas e Tarefas-divergentes (Bergvall & Remlinger, 1996). A análise qualitativa demonstrou que, apesar das alunas deste grupo terem participado ativamente das conversações, fazendo perguntas desafiadoras e tendo muitas e longas falas, estas alunas também lutam contra o ainda remanescente domínio masculino no sistema de educação. Concluo esta dissertação reforçando a importância de se desenvolver estudos sobre os papéis que os gêneros masculino e feminino desempenham em sala de aula para que se mostre aos educadores e alunos que as estratégias positivas de conversação resultam em aulas mais construtivas. Também reforço a importância da conscientização em relação à posição da mulher em sala de aula a fim de que mudemos este quadro

JEAN-PAUL SARTRE E PAULO FREIRE: APROXIMAÇÕES ENTRE A LIBERDADE EXISTENCIALISTA E A EDUCAÇÃO LIBERTADORA

This paper discusses some aspects of the theory created by the French existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, and of the theory of liberating education created by the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire. Considering that the two theories are based on phenomenology and historical materialism, we discuss the view of man they present, taking as our focus the following key concepts: existentialist freedom and Freirean critical consciousness. This discussion is situated in the field of psychology and education, and investigates the needs for change in these two areas, inspired by these two views of man that, despite their differences, present relevant connections that provide elements to radically restore the notions of human freedom, critical action of the world, the “novel but viable”, and utopia.Este artículo debate algunos aspectos de la teoría del filósofo existencialista francés Jean-Paul Sartre y del educador brasileño, autor de la educación libertadora, Paulo Freire. Como las dos teorías tienen bases comunes en la fenomenología y en el materialismo histórico, se discute la visión de hombre de cada una, centrada en sus conceptos clave: la libertad existencialista y la concienciación freireana. La discusión se ubica en los campos de la psicología y de la educación, problematizando la necesidad de cambio en estos dos quehaceres, inspiradas en estas dos visiones de hombre que, a pesar de sus diferencias, presentan relevantes aproximaciones que proporcionan elementos para recuperar radicalmente la noción de libertad humana, de acción crítica del mundo, de inédito viable, de utopía.Este artigo discute alguns aspectos da teoria do filósofo existencialista francês Jean-Paul Sartre e do educador brasileiro, autor da educação libertadora, Paulo Freire. Tendo as duas teorias bases comuns na fenomenologia e no materialismo histórico, discute-se a visão de homem de cada uma, centrada em seus conceitos-chave: a liberdade existencialista e a conscientização freireana. Situa a discussão nos campos da psicologia e da educação, problematizando necessidades de mudanças nestes dois fazeres, inspiradas nestas duas visões de homem que, a despeito de suas diferenças, apresentam relevantes aproximações que fornecem elementos para recuperar radicalmente a noção de liberdade humana, de ação crítica do mundo, de inédito viável, de utopia

Efferent Pathways in Sodium Overload-Induced Renal Vasodilation in Rats

Hypernatremia stimulates the secretion of oxytocin (OT), but the physiological role of OT remains unclear. the present study sought to determine the involvement of OT and renal nerves in the renal responses to an intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline. Male Wistar rats (280-350 g) were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (40 mg. kg(-1), i.v.). A bladder cannula was implanted for collection of urine. Animals were also instrumented for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal blood flow (RBF). Renal vascular conductance (RVC) was calculated as the ratio of RBF by MAP. in anesthetized rats (n = 6), OT infusion (0.03 mu g . kg(-1), i.v.) induced renal vasodilation. Consistent with this result, ex vivo experiments demonstrated that OT caused renal artery relaxation. Blockade of OT receptors (OXTR) reduced these responses to OT, indicating a direct effect of this peptide on OXTR on this artery. Hypertonic saline (3 M NaCl, 1.8 ml . kg(-1) b.wt., i.v.) was infused over 60 s. in sham rats (n = 6), hypertonic saline induced renal vasodilation. the OXTR antagonist (AT; atosiban, 40 mu g . kg(-1) . h(-1), i.v.; n = 7) and renal denervation (RX) reduced the renal vasodilation induced by hypernatremia. the combination of atosiban and renal denervation (RX+AT; n = 7) completely abolished the renal vasodilation induced by sodium overload. Intact rats excreted 51% of the injected sodium within 90 min. Natriuresis was slightly blunted by atosiban and renal denervation (42% and 39% of load, respectively), whereas atosiban with renal denervation reduced sodium excretion to 16% of the load. These results suggest that OT and renal nerves are involved in renal vasodilation and natriuresis induced by acute plasma hypernatremia.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Goias (FAPEG)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Fed Goias, Ctr Neurosci & Cardiovasc Physiol, Inst Biol Sci, Dept Physiol Sci, Goiania, Go, BrazilUniv Fed Uberlandia, Fac Phys Educ, Inst Biol Sci, BR-38400 Uberlandia, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Physiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Goias, Inst Biol Sci, Mol Biol Lab, Goiania, Go, BrazilUniv Fed Goias, Inst Biol Sci, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Goiania, Go, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Physiol, São Paulo, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Goias (FAPEG): 2012/0055431086Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Goias (FAPEG): 2009/10267000352CNPq: 477832/2010-5CNPq: 483411/2012-4Web of Scienc

Perinatal Case Fatality Rate Related to Congenital Zika Syndrome in Brazil: a Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Background: Many studies have demonstrated a causal link between Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, microcephaly (MCP), and other congenital abnormalities (CA). This study aimed to determine perinatal case fatality rate in cases of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in the Rio Grande do Norte State (RN), a Brazilian Northeast State highly impacted by the Zika virus outbreak. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data obtained through the State Health Department (SHD) for cases of MCP and CA in Rio Grande do Norte from April 2015 to February 5, 2016. Definition of perinatal period: commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation and ends seven completed days after birth. Results: During the study period, there were 486 cases of MCP and others CA notified in RN, of which 142 were confirmed and 108 remain under investigation. The remaining 236 cases have been ruled out by presenting normal examinations or due to presenting microcephaly by noninfectious causes. Of the total confirmed cases, 26.7% (38/142) died after birth or during pregnancy. 15.78% (06/38) of confirmed deaths had ZIKV infection during pregnancy and 2.63% (01/38) had a positive TORCH blood test. The six cases related to ZIKV were confirmed by RT–PCR and/or IgM/IgG antibodies against ZIKV. The remaining cases of deaths remain either under investigation or have been ruled out. Conclusion: This study highlights a high rate of perinatal lethality (15.78%) in cases of CZS. Despite the growing number of CZS cases, the real incidence and prevalence might be higher due to the underreporting and lack of resources for confirmatory diagnostic tests (laboratory and imaging). Due to the high rate of lethality and the ongoing uncontrolled ZIKV outbreak, this study predicts an increase in the infant mortality rate in Brazil and highlights the need for developing public health programs to control the ZIKV outbreak. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures

Safety and Quality in the Agricultural Product Chain in Brazil

An agriculture-intensive country should be aware of natural toxins, including both mycotoxins and cyanotoxins, which are closely associated with the quality of raw materials, for food safety and industry. The major production chains – corn, wheat, beef, and broiler chicken – are the top components of agribusiness, and they should be tracked by reliable and practical tools. The corn chain is of particular concern in food production; intensive controls, multi-year mycotoxin monitoring, and improved harmless/sustainable management methods for uninterrupted farming in the tropic-subtropics are needed to achieve a long-lasting trend. The rapid control of natural toxins (mycotoxin and cyanotoxin) has focused on immunochemical methods developed with highly specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) matched with chromatographic methods. In parallel, the promising widespread application of non-destructive analytical methods based on NIR (Near Infrared Reflectance) spectroscopy, computer vision and hyperspectral imaging coupled with multivariate analyses have been introduced as an alternative for the prediction of quality and compositional parameters. Rapid quality control and product traceability are discussed, as well as accurate monitoring, which is essential for potentially launching an innovative system for food production in Brazil

Identification of Piecemeal Degranulation and Vesicular Transport of MBP-1 in Liver-Infiltrating Mouse Eosinophils During Acute Experimental Schistosoma mansoni Infection

Eosinophils have been long associated with helminthic infections, although their functions in these diseases remain unclear. During schistosomiasis caused by the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, eosinophils are specifically recruited and migrate to sites of granulomatous responses where they degranulate. However, little is known about the mechanisms of eosinophil secretion during this disease. Here, we investigated the degranulation patterns, including the cellular mechanisms of major basic protein-1 (MBP-1) release, from inflammatory eosinophils in a mouse model of S. mansoni infection (acute phase). Fragments of the liver, a major target organ of this disease, were processed for histologic analyses (whole slide imaging), conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunonanogold EM using a pre-embedding approach for precise localization of major basic protein 1 (MBP-1), a typical cationic protein stored pre-synthesized in eosinophil secretory (specific) granules. A well-characterized granulomatous inflammatory response with a high number of infiltrating eosinophils surrounding S. mansoni eggs was observed in the livers of infected mice. Moreover, significant elevations in the levels of plasma Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10) and serum enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) reflecting altered liver function were detected in response to the infection. TEM quantitative analyses revealed that while 19.1% of eosinophils were intact, most of them showed distinct degranulation processes: cytolysis (13.0%), classical and/or compound exocytosis identified by granule fusions (1.5%), and mainly piecemeal degranulation (PMD) (66.4%), which is mediated by vesicular trafficking. Immunonanogold EM showed a consistent labeling for MBP-1 associated with secretory granules. Most MBP-1-positive granules had PMD features (79.0 ± 4.8%). MBP-1 was also present extracellularly and on vesicles distributed in the cytoplasm and attached to/surrounding the surface of emptying granules. Our data demonstrated that liver-infiltrating mouse eosinophils are able to degranulate through different secretory processes during acute experimental S. mansoni infections with PMD being the predominant mechanism of eosinophil secretion. This means that a selective secretion of MBP-1 is occurring. Moreover, our study demonstrates, for the first time, a vesicular trafficking of MBP-1 within mouse eosinophils elicited by a helminth infection. Vesicle-mediated secretion of MBP-1 may be relevant for the rapid release of small concentrations of MBP-1 under cell activation