Nā Iʻa Kapu: A Pre-Visit Online Lesson for Hanauma Bay

Natural areas like Hanauma Bay provide a captivating setting for place-based and culture-based science lessons. When students visit Hanauma Bay, they have limited time to learn about the bay during their field visit. To enhance the field experiences of students, an online pre-fieldtrip lesson was developed for teachers to use to prepare their 3rd-5th grade students for a Hanauma Bay field visit. The lesson was designed to teach concepts of Hawaiian kapu (prohibitions or laws) as they relate to conservation and to Hawaiian reef fish biology. The lesson was developed using learning standards for the relevant grade levels and the ADDIE method of instructional design. 3rd-5th grade teachers and informal educators who have used Hanauma Bay as an educational site evaluated the instructional design via an anonymous online survey. Responses were received from 12 participants. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the responses and themes were derived from open-ended comments. Results indicated teachers perceived the lesson was engaging, aligned with class learning objectives, grade level appropriate, and would help to prepare students for a visit to Hanauma Bay. The teachers particularly valued the integration of science and Hawaiian culture and the connections made between kapu and fish life cycles

A V-grooved AlGaAs/GaAs passivated PN junction

A passivated, V-grooved GaAs solar cell offers important advantages in terms of improved optical coupling, higher short circuit current, and increased tolerance to particle radiation when compared to the planar cell configuration. An AlGaAs epilayer has been deposited on a p-type GaAs epilayer grown on an n-type V-grooved GaAs surface using MOCVD. A wet chemical etching process was used to produce a V-pattern with a 7.0 micron periodicity. Reflectivity measurements substantiate the expected decrease in solar reflectance. Scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to confirm the presence of the AlGaAs layer and verify the existence of a pn junction

Le droit international à la sauvegarde de l'écosystème des Grands Lacs et du fleuve Saint-Laurent

La présente étude propose un examen de certains aspects choisis du régime juridique canado-américain se rapportant à l'écosystème des Grands Lacs et de la section internationale du fleuve Saint-Laurent. Pour chacun des aspects du régime juridique analysés, nous tenterons d'accentuer la position canadienne. Également, nous établirons une comparaison entre, d'une part, les positions adoptées par le Canada et les États-Unis dans leurs relations conventionnelles ainsi que dans leur pratique étatique et, d'autre part, entre les différents principes tirés du droit international. Par la suite, le problème inquiétant de la pollution des eaux des Grands Lacs et de la partie internationale du Saint-Laurent sera soulevé et les accords internationaux pertinents examinés comme exemple des défis que ce système de gestion canado-américain doit relever. Cette étude sommaire du régime juridique canado-américain se rapportant aux Grands Lacs et à la partie internationale du Saint-Laurent aborde certains aspects classiques du droit international et met en relief l'importante contribution du régime canado-américain au développement du droit des cours d'eaux internationaux encore embryonnaire.This study deals with various selected aspects of the Canado-Amer-ican legal regime overseeing the ecosystem of the Great Lakes and the international stretch of the St. Lawrence River. For each aspect of the legal regime, an attempt is made to emphasize the Canadian position. There is also a comparison on the one hand between positions adopted by Canada and the United States in their conventional relations as well as in their governmental practices, and on the other, the various principles taken from international law. Thereafter the troubling question of water pollution in the Great Lakes and the international stretch of the St. Lawrence River is raised along with relevant international agreements analyzed as an example of the challenges that Canado-American management must meet. This brief study of the Canado-American legal regime relating to the Great Lakes and the international stretch of the St. Lawrence River brings up certain classical aspects of international law and emphasizes the valuable contribution of the Canado-American legal regime to the development of the law of international waterways, still in its infancy

Achieving change in primary care—causes of the evidence to practice gap : systematic reviews of reviews

Acknowledgements The Evidence to Practice Project (SPCR FR4 project number: 122) is funded by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) School for Primary Care Research (SPCR). KD is part-funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Research and Care West Midlands and by a Knowledge Mobilisation Research Fellowship (KMRF-2014-03-002) from the NIHR. This paper presents independent research funded by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. Funding This study is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School for Primary Care Research (SPCR).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

They Work with Data and Do Some Science: How Identity Conflict Turns Data Professionals away from Data Science

Data science is widely perceived as an attractive, lucrative, and prestigious emerging occupation. Research so far has focused on understanding data scientists’ practices and identity work associated with establishing and legitimizing this new occupation. This work, however, is not sufficient to explain a phenomenon we observed whereby professionals rejected the opportunity to adopt this new occupational identity. To understand why professionals may not want to be labeled data scientists, we analyzed 43 interviews with data professionals at an educational measurement company in the U.S. Despite a clear steer from management towards the data science label, many interviewees stuck to their established professional identities. In our preliminary findings, we use the literature on identity conflict as a lens to make sense of our observations. By identifying three types of conflicts: 1) task conflict, 2) role conflict, 3) tool conflict, we begin to explain what turns professionals away from data science

Armed groups, sanctions and the implementation of international humanitarian law

While it is widely accepted that punishing the perpetrators of violations of international humanitarian law is an important instrument in improving compliance with the law, little research has been done into the obligations on armed groups to impose sanctions and their possibilities for doing so. This article discusses characteristics of armed groups that influence their willingness and ability to comply with international humanitarian law and to punish those of their members who commit violations. It takes a holistic approach to these sanctions, and analyses the different methods of punishing members of armed groups, including disciplinary sanctions, penal sanctions imposed by the state and penal sanctions imposed by the group itsel

Anti-inflammatory activity of Wnt signaling in enteric nervous system: in vitro preliminary evidences in rat primary cultures

Background: In the last years, Wnt signaling was demonstrated to regulate inflammatory processes. In particular, an increased expression of Wnts and Frizzled receptors was reported in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ulcerative colitis to exert both anti- and pro-inflammatory functions regulating the intestinal activated nuclear factor \u3baB (NF-\u3baB), TNFa release, and IL10 expression. Methods: To investigate the role of Wnt pathway in the response of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to inflammation, neurons and glial cells from rat myenteric plexus were treated with exogenous Wnt3a and/or LPS with or without supporting neurotrophic factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The immunophenotypical characterization by flow cytometry and the protein and gene expression analysis by qPCR and Western blotting were carried out. Results: Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining evidenced that enteric neurons coexpressed Frizzled 9 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) while glial cells were immunoreactive to TLR4 and Wnt3a suggesting that canonical Wnt signaling is active in ENS. Conclusions: The results of this study suggested the existence of neuronal surveillance through FZD9 and Wnt3a in enteric myenteric plexus. Moreover, experimental evidences were provided to clarify the correlation among soluble trophic factors, Wnt signaling, and anti-inflammatory protection of ENS

Syndrome d’Ehlers-Danlos vasculaire : complications et prise en charge anesthésique au cours de la grossesse et du péri-partum

Introduction: vEDS is an inheritable connective tissue disorder responsible for high morbidity and mortality, especially during pregnancy, due to vascular, digestive, uterine and respiratory complications. Few data are available regarding general and epidural or spinal anesthesia complications, making medical care difficult. This study presents the analysis of anesthetic management and specific complications of vEDS during pregnancy. Methods: An observational retrospective study (1990-2012) on medical management of vEDS patient’s pregnancies followed at hospital Européen Georges Pompidou. Results: We described 29 patients and 40 pregnancies. Maternal mortality was 3.4% at 40 days and 6.9% at one year. Severe complications occurred during vaginal delivery: perineal lesions (38.1%), vascular complications (10.3%) including one death. Cesarean sections complications were post-partum hemorrhage (38.8%) and visceral rupture (6.9%). We reported no complication involving general or spinal and epidural anesthesia. The insertion of a peripheral catheter was frequently difficult (73.3%). Use of opiates at the time of anesthetic induction decreased hemodynamic variations during surgery. Conclusion: vEDS pregnant patients need multidisciplinary management. Elective cesarean section seems to be the best approach. Whereas spinal or epidural anesthesia might be discussed in some cases, general anesthesia is a reasonable choice for hemorrhage risk management.Introduction : Le SED vasculaire est une maladie génétique du collagène responsable d’une morbi-mortalité élevée, en particulier en péri-partum, liée à des complications vasculaires, digestives, utérines et respiratoires. Peu de données sont disponibles concernant les complications liées à l’anesthésie générale et périmédullaire, rendant la prise en charge complexe. Cette étude présente l’analyse de la prise en charge anesthésique et des complications liées au SED vasculaire au cours du péri-partum.Méthodes : Étude observationnelle rétrospective (1990-2012) portant sur la prise en charge des grossesses de patientes SED vasculaire répertoriées à l’hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou. Résultats : Nous décrivons 29 patientes ayant eu 40 grossesses. La mortalité maternelle était de 3.4% à 40 jours et de 6.9% à 1 an. Les complications les plus graves survenaient au cours d’accouchements voie basse : 38,1% de lésions périnéales sévères, 10,3% de complications vasculaires graves dont un décès. Les césariennes se compliquaient pour 38,8% d’hémorragies du post-partum et pour 6,9% de ruptures viscérales. Aucune complication n’est rapportée concernant les anesthésies générales ou périmédullaires. L’abord veineux périphérique était souvent difficile (73,3%). L’injection de morphiniques à l’induction diminuait les variations hémodynamiques per-opératoires.Conclusion : La prise en charge des patientes SED vasculaire doit être multidisciplinaire. Il semble préférable que l’accouchement soit réalisé par césarienne programmée. Si l’anesthésie générale est une technique plus adaptée pour la gestion du risque hémorragique, l’anesthésie périmédullaire pourra être discutée dans certains cas