Cuidadores informais da população idosa com alguma limitação:: estimativas indiretas ”“ Brasil ”“ 2000 a 2015

O envelhecimento da população, oriundo da queda da fecundidade e da maior longevidade, faz com que, no futuro, o grupo das pessoas disponíveis para o cuidado de idosos necessitados de assistência seja cada vez menor. Este artigo analisa o perfil do potencial cuidador informal de idosos no Brasil e estima o contingente de ambos: o idoso que potencialmente demanda assistência (IPDA) e o potencial cuidador informal (PCI). O mapeamento do Censo Demográfico de 2000 indica a existência de cerca de 7,5 milhões de pessoas de 60 e mais anos com algum grau de incapacidade e, morando com eles, pouco mais de 8 milhões de pessoas entre 18 a 79 anos sem limitações físicas. Isso gera uma razão de quase um PCI para cada IPDA. Dados qualitativos permitem captar características mais definidas de cuidadores informais, sendo as mais relevantes a presença de sentimentos de obrigação, gratidão e culpa. A união dos enfoques qualitativos/quantitativos permitiu construir cenários de demanda e oferta dos PCI, estimar a evolução do volume do PCI no período entre 2000 e 2015 e compará-la com a evolução dos IPDA. No médio prazo, essas simulações indicam diminuição do estoque de potenciais cuidadores

Leitura, escrita e gramática à luz dos normativos legais

Qualquer sistema escolar visa, em última instância, a preparação dos alunos de forma a torná-los cidadãos participativos e críticos, uma vez que um dos principais objectivos do sistema educativo é que os alunos obtenham sucesso escolar. Assim, espera-se que a Escola, enquanto instituição promotora de saberes e aprendizagens, responda a exigências que a sociedade contemporânea coloca aos seus educandos. Não podendo ignorar a importância que a transmissão dos saberes escolásticos ocupa, este estudo de análise documental, em que os documentos são objecto de estudo por si próprios (Bell, 1993), uma vez que num contexto de investigação educacional os documentos são fontes de dados brutos para o investigador, implicando a sua análise um conjunto de transformações, operações e verificações efectuadas a partir dos mesmos, tendo em vista atribuir-lhes um significado relevante em relação ao problema de investigação (Flores, 1994), analisamos, descrevemos e comparamos, para o 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, o Currículo Nacional do Ensino Básico – Competências Essenciais (CNEB) de 2001, com a Organização Curricular –, Programas (1986) com a proposta dos Programas de Língua Portuguesa para o Ensino Básico, tornada pública a 22 de Janeiro de 2009. Se os dois primeiros documentos curriculares assentam em pressupostos didáctico-pedagógicos incompatíveis, em que o primeiro documento veicula uma educação baseada em competências gerais e específicas, o segundo pressupõe um ensino baseado em objectivos, gerais e específicos, o “novo” programa vem homogeneizar e clarificar as competências de forma estruturante e consequentemente o modo de as avaliar, aproveitando, ainda, as recomendações resultantes da Conferência Internacional sobre o Ensino do Português (DGIDC, SD), o trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito do Plano Nacional de Leitura (PNL), para o 1º Ciclo, e o Programa Nacional do Ensino do Português (PNEP) no 1ºCEB.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Nitric oxide plays a key role in the suppressive activity of tolerogenic dendritic cells

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO123384386FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO2011/17965-3; 2013/08194-9; 2014/02631-

Seasonal Ecosystem Productivity in a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (Caatinga) Using Flux Tower Measurements and Remote Sensing Data

The Caatinga dry forest encompasses 11% of the total continental territory of Brazil. Nevertheless, most research on the relationship between phenology and ecosystem productivity of Brazilian tropical forests is aimed at the Amazon basin. Thus, in this study we evaluated the seasonality of ecosystem productivity (gross primary production—GPP) in a preserved Caatinga environment in northeast Brazil. Analyses were carried out using eddy covariance measurements and satellite-derived data from sensor MODIS (MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MOD17 and MOD13 products). In addition to GPP, we investigated water use efficiency (WUE) and meteorological and phenological aspects through remotely sensed vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI). We verified that ecosystem productivity is limited mainly by evapotranspiration, with maximum GPP values registered in the wetter months, indicating a strong dependency on water availability. NDVI and EVI were positively associated with GPP (r = 0.69 and 0.81, respectively), suggesting a coupling between the emergence of new leaves and the phenology of local photosynthetic capacity. WUE, on the other hand, was strongly controlled by consecutive dry days and not necessarily by total precipitation amount. The vegetation indices adequately described interannual variations of the forest response to environmental factors, and GPP MODIS presented a good relationship with tower-measured GPP in dry (R2 = 0.76) and wet (R2 = 0.62) periods

Seasonal Ecosystem Productivity in a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (Caatinga) Using Flux Tower Measurements and Remote Sensing Data

The Caatinga dry forest encompasses 11% of the total continental territory of Brazil. Nevertheless, most research on the relationship between phenology and ecosystem productivity of Brazilian tropical forests is aimed at the Amazon basin. Thus, in this study we evaluated the seasonality of ecosystem productivity (gross primary production—GPP) in a preserved Caatinga environment in northeast Brazil. Analyses were carried out using eddy covariance measurements and satellite-derived data from sensor MODIS (MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MOD17 and MOD13 products). In addition to GPP, we investigated water use efficiency (WUE) and meteorological and phenological aspects through remotely sensed vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI). We verified that ecosystem productivity is limited mainly by evapotranspiration, with maximum GPP values registered in the wetter months, indicating a strong dependency on water availability. NDVI and EVI were positively associated with GPP (r = 0.69 and 0.81, respectively), suggesting a coupling between the emergence of new leaves and the phenology of local photosynthetic capacity. WUE, on the other hand, was strongly controlled by consecutive dry days and not necessarily by total precipitation amount. The vegetation indices adequately described interannual variations of the forest response to environmental factors, and GPP MODIS presented a good relationship with tower-measured GPP in dry (R2 = 0.76) and wet (R2 = 0.62) periods

Exacerbation of Autoimmune Neuro-Inflammation in Mice Cured from Blood-Stage <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> Infection

<div><p>The thymus plays an important role shaping the T cell repertoire in the periphery, partly, through the elimination of inflammatory auto-reactive cells. It has been shown that, during <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> infection, the thymus is rendered atrophic by the premature egress of CD4⁺CD8⁺ double-positive (DP) T cells to the periphery. To investigate whether autoimmune diseases are affected after <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> NK65 infection, we immunized C57BL/6 mice, which was previously infected with <i>P.berghei</i> NK65 and treated with chloroquine (CQ), with MOG_35–55 peptide and the clinical course of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) was evaluated. Our results showed that NK65+CQ+EAE mice developed a more severe disease than control EAE mice. The same pattern of disease severity was observed in MOG_35–55-immunized mice after adoptive transfer of <i>P.berghei</i>-elicited splenic DP-T cells. The higher frequency of IL-17⁺- and IFN-γ⁺-producing DP lymphocytes in the Central Nervous System of these mice suggests that immature lymphocytes contribute to disease worsening. To our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate the possible relationship between malaria and multiple sclerosis through the contribution of the thymus. Notwithstanding, further studies must be conducted to assert the relevance of malaria-induced thymic atrophy in the susceptibility and clinical course of other inflammatory autoimmune diseases.</p></div

Central Nervous System of malaria-cured EAE mice show increased cellular infiltration of DP-T cells.

<p>C57BL/6 mice (n = 6 mice/group) were intraperitoneally (i.p.) infected with 1×10⁶<i>P.berghei</i>-infected Red Blood Cells and treated with chloroquine (CQ, 5 mg/Kg) for five consecutive days starting at the 10^th day after infection. Three days after the last dose of CQ, EAE was induced. As controls, naïve mice were treated with CQ or vehicle before EAE induction. The spinal cords of EAE-inflicted mice were collected fourteen days after MOG-immunization. Frozen thin sections (12 µm) were made and fixed in formalin. Cells were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-CD4 and PE-conjugated anti-CD8 and analyzed in epifluorescence microscope. Figures are representative of three independent experiments. Magnification: 200X.</p

Inflammation in the CNS of NK+CQ+EAE mice correlates with an increased production of inflammatory cytokines by DP-T cells.

<p>Groups of mice (n = 6 mice/group) subjected to infection and EAE induction. A) At the 10^th day after MOG-immunization, mice were killed and spinal cords were removed to analyze the gene expression of IL-17, IFN-γ, Foxp3 and IL-10 in the lumbar spinal cords of mice. Data was analyzed by One-Way Anova and post-tested with Bonferroni. B) The infiltrating cells of the CNS were enriched and stimulated by Phorbol Myristate Acetate and Ionomycin in the presence of Brefeldin A for 4 h. The frequency of IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing cells inside CD4⁺CD8⁺ T cell gate was analyzed. In all analyses, *: p<0,05. ns: not significant. Representative data of three independent experiments.</p

Hypothesis model for the exacerbation of autoimmune neuro-inflammation.

<p>Based in our observations, we propose a model for EAE exacerbation. Malaria infection promotes thymic atrophy and the premature egress of DP-T cells to the peripheral immune system. After an inflammatory trigger, which can be infection, genetic susceptibility or chronic inflammation, these cells proliferate and migrate to the target organ where they stimulate CNS inflammation by secreting cytokines. However, there is still much to be explored, as for example, whether these DP-T cells are able to induce leukocyte recruitment, microglia and astrocyte activation, and, Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) destruction.</p