Detection of Major River Bed Changes in the River Ebro (north-eastern Spain)

Detection of major river bed changes in River Ebro (northeastern Spain

El «techo de cristal» en la dirección cinematográfica: discursos y representaciones sociales en un caso de segregación ocupacional

This article focuses on the mechanisms of creation and reproduction of the "glass ceiling". It is based on some of the results of a research project on gender equality in Spanish cinema. After studying the effective inequality between men and women in the occupational categories of Spanish cinema, we analyze the type of social mediations involved in gender equity among those who are in the higher occupational categories. From qualitative interviews, we show the social discourses and representations which act as barriers to gender equality. Discrimination is based on this. The results show the distance between two conceptions: on the one hand, the professional requirements in the direction of films; on the other hand, those awarded to professional skills of women filmmakers. Distance is based on an essentialist conception.El artículo se focaliza en los mecanismos de creación y reproducción del “techo de cristal”, a partir de una parte de los resultados obtenidos en un proyecto de investigación sobre la igualdad de género en el cine español. Tras visibilizar la desigualdad efectiva entre varones y mujeres en las categorías ocupacionales de la cinematografía española, se analiza el tipo de mediaciones sociales que intervienen en la equidad de género entre las personas que ocupan las categorías profesionales más altas. A partir de entrevistas abiertas, se esclarecen los discursos y las representaciones sociales que actúan como resistencias a la igualdad de género; sobre ellas se fundamenta la discriminación. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la distancia entre dos valoraciones: la relativa a los requisitos profesionales en la dirección de largometrajes y aquella adjudicada a las habilidades o competencias profesionales de las directoras de cine; distancia que se sustenta en una concepción esencialista

El zapateado flamenco: naturaleza formal y señas de identidad

La evolución del baile y la guitarra flamenca no constituye un hecho aislado. En ese sentido gran parte de la formas cinético musicales flamencas como el zapateado, se han nutrido estructuralmente mediante procesos codificadores en el devenir historiográfico y etnomuscológico tanto de los ámbitos populares como académicos. El zapateado está considerado como el primer estilo flamenco, supuestamente el palo más antiguo. Como consecuencia del baile en interacción con la guitarra, surge la “primera forma” musical flamenca no vocal, es decir solo instrumental– guitarra y percusión de pies–. La no vinculación con texto alguno55, hace más fácil el tránsito al terreno instrumental, preludio de la “emancipación guitarrística” en la segunda mitad del S. XX. Proponemos un apunte de las características genéricas del estilo, mostrando una óptica transcriptiva en algunos ritmos identitarios del baile para zapateado, así como de la naturaleza estructural y formal del zapateado de concierto para el caso de “Perfil Flamenco” de Esteban de Sanlúcar.The technical evolution of flamenco dancing and flamenco guitar playing, is not an isolated fact. In that sense, much of the kinetic flamenco musical forms such as “Zapateado”, have been structurally nourished by coding processes dealing with historiographical and ethnomusical matters, taking place in both popular and academic fields. The “Zapateado” is considered as the first flamenco style, supposedly as the oldest “palo”. As a result of the interaction between flamenco dancing and guitar playing, the first non-vocal flamenco musical form is born (just instrumental): guitar and foot percussion. The fact that no link to any text have been found, makes us easier to understand the transition to the instrumental field, which can be seen as a “prelude” to a guitar emancipation that would take place at the second half of the twentieth century. We suggest a sketch which shows general features of the style, and a transcriptive point of view of some specific rhythms for “zapateado”, as well as the formal and structural nature of the so called “zapateado de concierto” to illustrate an example shown in Esteban Sanlucar’s “Perfil Flamenco”

Identification of Red Dyes in Textiles from the Andean Region

Identification of dyes and pigments is presently very precise by means of different systems of chromatographic analysis. Nevertheless, as the same dye components can be found in different plants and animals, it is important when studying dyes in textiles to consider the geographical and cultural context of both the textile and the possible dyestuffs used historically in the area. The presentation shall focus on a single colour: red. Various shades of red are profusely used in textiles from South America. Many of these are obtained mainly from cochineal. However, when analysing the colouring substances of an Andean textile, it is worth considering other sources of red dye such as chapi-chapi (Relbunium hypocarpium), ccallo-huacta (Galium corymbosum), chile-chile (Geranium filipes), rumi-unku (Parmelia sp. / Xanthoria sp.), inti-sunkha (Ramalina sp. / Siphula sp.), lambrán (Alnus jorullensis), etc. that have been reported in the area. Research conducted for this paper follows my recent publication Tintes y Tintoreros de América “Dyes and Dyers from America” (Madrid 2006), which provides a useful tool for the identification of dye sources in archaeological textiles belonging to Middle American and Andean cultures. The book includes a catalogue of more than two hundred botanical and zoological species, traditionally used as dyestuffs and auxiliary products, and an ethnographical register of dye procedures still maintained by native dyers in the Americas up to the end of the twentieth century

Las remesas de los inmigrantes en España: factores y estrategias

Las transferencias monetarias de los inmigrantes en el mundo hacia sus países de origen se han incrementado considerablemente en los últimos años. La literatura especializada sugiere revisar los enfoques teóricos dominantes, así como estudiar las investigaciones realizadas en otras partes del mundo. En tanto las remesas es un tema escasamente abordado en nuestro país, en este trabajo se realiza una aproximación al caso español a fin de contrastar algunos de los enfoques explicativos más relevantes sobre el mercado del envío de transferencias monetarias.Global amount of remittances from migrants to their original countries has increased in the last few years. Drawing on the international literature on remittances from migrants, we review the most relevant theoretical approaches and empirical researches applied on this subject in some parts of the world. According to the few studies carry out in Spain, this essay highlights some relevant questions and issues focusing on the phenomenon of market of remittances

Causal aggregation: estimation and inference of causal effects by constraint-based data fusion

In causal inference, it is common to estimate the causal effect of a single treatment variable on an outcome. However, practitioners may also be interested in the effect of simultaneous interventions on multiple covariates of a fixed target variable. We propose a novel method that allows to estimate the effect of joint interventions using data from different experiments in which only very few variables are manipulated. If there is only little randomized data or no randomized data at all, one can use observational data sets if certain parental sets are known or instrumental variables are available. If the joint causal effect is linear, the proposed method can be used for estimation and inference of joint causal effects, and we characterize conditions for identifiability. In the overidentified case, we indicate how to leverage all the available causal information across multiple data sets to efficiently estimate the causal effects. If the dimension of the covariate vector is large, we may only have a few samples in each data set. Under a sparsity assumption, we derive an estimator of the causal effects in this high-dimensional scenario. In addition, we show how to deal with the case where a lack of experimental constraints prevents direct estimation of the causal effects. When the joint causal effects are non-linear, we characterize conditions under which identifiability holds, and propose a non-linear causal aggregation methodology for experimental data sets similar to the gradient boosting algorithm where in each iteration we combine weak learners trained on different datasets using only unconfounded samples. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on simulated and semi-synthetic data