A Comprehensive Overview of Backdoor Attacks in Large Language Models within Communication Networks

The Large Language Models (LLMs) are poised to offer efficient and intelligent services for future mobile communication networks, owing to their exceptional capabilities in language comprehension and generation. However, the extremely high data and computational resource requirements for the performance of LLMs compel developers to resort to outsourcing training or utilizing third-party data and computing resources. These strategies may expose the model within the network to maliciously manipulated training data and processing, providing an opportunity for attackers to embed a hidden backdoor into the model, termed a backdoor attack. Backdoor attack in LLMs refers to embedding a hidden backdoor in LLMs that causes the model to perform normally on benign samples but exhibit degraded performance on poisoned ones. This issue is particularly concerning within communication networks where reliability and security are paramount. Despite the extensive research on backdoor attacks, there remains a lack of in-depth exploration specifically within the context of LLMs employed in communication networks, and a systematic review of such attacks is currently absent. In this survey, we systematically propose a taxonomy of backdoor attacks in LLMs as used in communication networks, dividing them into four major categories: input-triggered, prompt-triggered, instruction-triggered, and demonstration-triggered attacks. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the benchmark datasets. Finally, we identify potential problems and open challenges, offering valuable insights into future research directions for enhancing the security and integrity of LLMs in communication networks

Challenges in QCD matter physics - The Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR

Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts worldwide are devoted to explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. At LHC and top RHIC energies, QCD matter is studied at very high temperatures and nearly vanishing net-baryon densities. There is evidence that a Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) was created at experiments at RHIC and LHC. The transition from the QGP back to the hadron gas is found to be a smooth cross over. For larger net-baryon densities and lower temperatures, it is expected that the QCD phase diagram exhibits a rich structure, such as a first-order phase transition between hadronic and partonic matter which terminates in a critical point, or exotic phases like quarkyonic matter. The discovery of these landmarks would be a breakthrough in our understanding of the strong interaction and is therefore in the focus of various high-energy heavy-ion research programs. The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR will play a unique role in the exploration of the QCD phase diagram in the region of high net-baryon densities, because it is designed to run at unprecedented interaction rates. High-rate operation is the key prerequisite for high-precision measurements of multi-differential observables and of rare diagnostic probes which are sensitive to the dense phase of the nuclear fireball. The goal of the CBM experiment at SIS100 (sqrt(s_NN) = 2.7 - 4.9 GeV) is to discover fundamental properties of QCD matter: the phase structure at large baryon-chemical potentials (mu_B > 500 MeV), effects of chiral symmetry, and the equation-of-state at high density as it is expected to occur in the core of neutron stars. In this article, we review the motivation for and the physics programme of CBM, including activities before the start of data taking in 2022, in the context of the worldwide efforts to explore high-density QCD matter.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures. Published in European Physical Journal

Treatment of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen in wastewater by electrocatalytic oxidation: a review of anode material preparation

The research progress of electrochemical treatment of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen in wastewater is reviewed in this work. Ti/Pt, Ti/RuxIryOz, Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5, Ti/PbO2, TinO2n-1, Ti/SnO2-Sb, boron-doped diamond, graphite, and particle electrodes were introduced. The different types of electrodes were produced primarily by thermal decomposition, electrochemical deposition, sol-gel, and chemical vapor deposition, including the pretreatment of matrix materials and coating. The degradation efficiency of organic matter (this paper primarily discusses rhodamine B [RHB] and phenol) and ammonia nitrogen in wastewater under the optimal reaction conditions was summarized. The reaction mechanism of electrochemical degradation of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen was analyzed, which is the direct electron transfer on the anode surface or the action of the strong oxidizing OH radical generated by the indirect oxidation reaction. In addition, some new electrodes, such as nanostructured electrodes and porous electrodes, were used to degrade pollutants in wastewater treatment

Review on the applications and development of fluidized bed electrodes

Fluidized bed electrodes (FBEs), which were discovered in the late 1960s, are 3D (three-dimensional) particle electrodes. The FBEs have been attracting extensive attention because of their unique properties and advantages, such as higher space-time yield, high active electrode area, and higher mass transfer rate than conventional electrochemical reactors. This review summarizes the progress of FBEs and spouted bed electrodes in the past few decades and focuses on their applications in metallurgy, environmental protection, functional particle preparation, energy storage and conversion, redox reaction, and water treatment. Although most examples outlined in this paper are still in laboratory, they can provide researchers with useful guidance for further exploration

Reaction mechanism of Ni-coated Cu composite powder prepared by liquid-solid fluidized bed 3D electrodes

Liquid-solid fluidized bed electrodes (FBEs) are an important technical route for the preparation of composite powders because of their large activation area and fast mass transfer rate. In this work, the reaction mechanism of 3D electrode prepared from composite powder in liquid-solid fluidized bed was studied in the Cu/Ni system, and two reaction paths were proposed, namely, particle electrodes (main reaction) and cathode feeder electrode (side reaction). Mathematical model with voltage drop as the main parameter was determined. Key conductivity test was conducted to support the measurement of voltage drop data. The sum of the voltage drop of bed particle reaction and bed particle intrinsic was successfully less than that of the voltage drop of bed solution phase and cathode feeder electrode reaction. Therefore, FBEs can be used to prepare Ni-coated copper composite powders with different particle sizes. When the bed height is 2 cm with 100 mu m copper powder as the particle electrodes, the voltage of the FBE reaction path is reduced by approximately 0.55 V. These results showed that the FBEs have achieved the reaction path for preparing composite powder and thus are of great importance for large-scale preparation

First confident evidence of moulting in eodiscid trilobites from the Cambrian Stage 3 of South China

Trilobite moulting behaviour has been extensively investigated. However, exuviae in eodiscid trilobites are poorly known. Here, we report two eodiscid trilobite specimens, Tsunyidiscus niutitangensis and Tsunyidiscus sp., showing Somersault configuration from the Niutitang Formation and Mingxinsi Formation of South China, respectively (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3). The arrangements of the exoskeletons indicate that the two specimens are the slightly disturbed and undisturbed exuviae. The impression of the lower cephalic unit (LCU) displays the rostral plate in Tsunyidiscus niutitangensis. The exuviae showing the LCU inverted anteriorly under the trunk. The opening of the facial and rostral sutures would have allowed the emergence of the post-ecdysial trilobite with the partial enrolment of exoskeleton. Moreover, our discovery indicates a Somersault configuration which employed the facial and rostral sutures to create an anterior exuvial gape that also exists in eodiscid trilobites besides redlichiid trilobites, corynexochid trilobites and ptychopariid trilobites during the Cambrian.National Sciences Foundation of ChinaGuizhou Bureau of Science and TechnologyChina Scholarship CouncilChinese Academy of SciencesMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónDepto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu

Functional metal powders: Design, properties, applications, and prospects

Functional metal powders have unique thermal, electrical, biocompatible and flame retardant properties. Due to the superior material properties and low cost of engineering materials produced from functional metal powders, these materials have a high potential for use in aerospace, electronics industry, coating sector, energy and many other industries. In this paper, the research progress of functional metal powders, the preparation of functional metal powders and application. In light of the above, the processing methods of functional metal powders were discussed, including mechanical ball milling, liquid-phase chemical reduction, electrochemical reduction and gas-phase reduction. Additionally, the classification of functional metal powders is discussed, including silver, copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc and gold based powders. On this basis, its applications in powder metallurgy, 3D printing, electromagnetic shielding, 5G base station, electronic industry are mainly introduced. Moreover, the development prospects, new opportunities, main challenges and possible solutions of functional metal powders are summarized

Functional metal powders: Design, properties, applications, and prospects

Functional metal powders have unique thermal, electrical, biocompatible and flame retardant properties. Due to the superior material properties and low cost of engineering materials produced from functional metal powders, these materials have a high potential for use in aerospace, electronics industry, coating sector, energy and many other industries. In this paper, the research progress of functional metal powders, the preparation of functional metal powders and application. In light of the above, the processing methods of functional metal powders were discussed, including mechanical ball milling, liquid-phase chemical reduction, electrochemical reduction and gas-phase reduction. Additionally, the classification of functional metal powders is discussed, including silver, copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc and gold based powders. On this basis, its applications in powder metallurgy, 3D printing, electromagnetic shielding, 5G base station, electronic industry are mainly introduced. Moreover, the development prospects, new opportunities, main challenges and possible solutions of functional metal powders are summarized