Arizona v. Roberson: Further Extending the Bright-Line

This casenote will summarize the case scenario and holding in Arizona v. Roberson. To place Roberson in context, it will then examine the legal history of the fifth amendment right to counsel and will critically analyze Roberson by questioning the necessity of its holding, reviewing the Court\u27s cost/benefit analysis, and examining the dangers of overextending the rule in Edwards. Finally, this casenote will discuss Roberson\u27s potential impact

The Conference of Faith and History at Fifty: Memoir and Challenge

Editor\u27s note: This essay was presented as a plenary lecture at the Fiftieth Anniversary meeting of the Conference on Faith and History, held at Calvin College, now University, in October 2019. It was later published in Fides et Historia, the journal of the Conference. It is reprinted here with permission

You Can\u27t Always Get What You Want But Digital Sampling Can Get What You Need!

This comment will examine copyright law, its role in the popular music industry, and its relationship with digital sampling. To lay the groundwork, Part I will examine the function of copyright law as it relates to musical compositions. Part II will then peruse the area of sound recordings. Finally, Part III will take a critical look at digital sound sampling and its legitimacy in relation to present copyright la

A follow up study of high school students with mild mental retardation: Has the transition been made?

The purpose of this study was to determine if the transition from school programs to sustained employment was made by former mildly mentally handicapped students. The study was designed to determine what variables contributed to successful transition. These independent variables were four types of school programs, availability of work coordinators or job coaches, gender, and opportunity. Briefly, the four types of programs were (A) special classes with supervised work experience, (B) special classes and work experience not related or supervised by school personnel, (C) special classes with no work experience, and (D) special classes in grades 9 and 10. A secondary objective was to determine if the former students had obtained an independent living status. The study focused on students identified as developmentally handicapped in accordance to the State of Ohio\u27s Rules for the Education of Handicapped Children. All potential respondents possessed intelligence quotients, as measured by the Stanford Binet or the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised, between 50 and 80. The subjects were 1988 graduates from special programs operated by twenty-seven school districts located in East Central Ohio. Each of the school districts was contacted. The purpose of the study was explained and information leading to the former students\u27 most recent address and telephone listing was requested. An interview guide was implemented leading to school program information, employment, information, and living status. Each former student was contacted by phone when possible, others were sent a copy of the interview guide with instructions to return the completed form in the stamped addressed envelope provided. The statistic used to clarify and assist in analyzing the data was Chi-square. The MYSTAT system, a version of SYSTAT, was used to compute the combinations of the independent variables (school program type, gender, availability of work coordinators or job coaches, and opportunity) to each dependent variable (successful transition and independent living status). Of sixty-eight respondents, fifty-one reported to be gainfully employed and thirty were reported to be living independently. All participants having completed Program Types A or B were reported as having achieved successful transition. In conclusion, it would appear that work experience enhances the opportunity to obtain and sustain gainful employment. School programs need to coordinate basic academic, life, and fundamental employability skills during the secondary years, and extend the support until the transition is complete

Towards the Refinement of DHTs

The implications of cooperative configurations have been far-reaching and pervasive. After years of private research into the memory bus, we prove the investigation of evolutionary programming, demonstrates the important importance of artificial intelligence. We motivate a “fuzzy” tool for simulating context-free grammar, which we call Cacochymy

COMPACT – A Reclamation Soil Compaction Model Part II. Sensitivity Analysis and Applications

COMPACT, a physically based, event-oriented compaction model, was developed as a management or research tool to evaluate the influence of a surface mining system on compaction of soil material during reclamation. Two systems of area mining reclamation operations were simulated by COMPACT. The first system involved scrapers and bulldozers and the second also included trucks. Scrapers or trucks were used to pick up and deposit the soil material. Bulldozers were then used to shape the site for reclamation. The simulated results were compared with measured results and show how equipment patterns and soil parameters can affect overall soil compaction. This simulation model allows equipment, soil material, and operational parameters to be changed easily so managers and researchers can understand the soil compaction processes at surface mine sites

COMPACT – A Reclamation Soil Compaction Model Part I. Model Development

A physically based, event oriented soil compaction model, known as COMPACT, was developed as a management or research tool to evaluate the effect of surface mining systems on compaction of soil material during reclamation. Simulation of compaction throughout the soil profile at a surface mining reclamation site requires information describing how equipment moves on the site. The compaction processes that are caused by vehicles throughout the soil profile are described by applying the pressure distribution of the surface contact area of a tire or track to determine stresses in the soil profile. A virgin compression curve is then used to determine bulk density at any point within the soil profile. COMPACT predicts compaction of reconstructed patterns, type of vehicles, and type of soil material. Development of the simulation model is described in this article

Effect of Adjusting Pseudo-Guessing Parameter Estimates on Test Scaling When Item Parameter Drift Is Present

In item response theory test scaling/equating with the three-parameter model, the scaling coefficients A and B have no impact on the c-parameter estimates of the test items since the c-parameter estimates are not adjusted in the scaling/equating procedure. The main research question in this study concerned how serious the consequences would be if c-parameter estimates are not adjusted in the test equating procedure when item-parameter drift (IPD) is present. This drift is commonly observed in equating studies and hence, has been the source of considerable research. The results from a series of Monte-Carlo simulation studies conducted under 32 different combinations of conditions showed that some calibration strategies in the study, where the c-parameters were adjusted to be identical across two test forms, resulted in more robust equating performance in the presence of IPD. This paper discusses the practical effectiveness and the theoretical importance of appropriately adjusting c-parameter estimates in equating. Accessed 3,754 times on https://pareonline.net from July 04, 2015 to December 31, 2019. For downloads from January 1, 2020 forward, please click on the PlumX Metrics link to the right

Education as Prison Reform: a Meta -Analysis.

Corrections administrators have long recognized the possibility of education as a method of creating a favorable change in incarcerated individuals. Through education the individual would be encouraged in his/her attempts to succeed within society. However, this feeling has been more of an intuitive notion rather than empirically determined. The goal of this dissertation has been the development of a model of recidivism prediction which could overcome the problems of subjectivity, inaccuracy, and invalidity found in many currently used methods of prediction. This investigation was designed to explore relationships between several educational variables and post-release behavior of criminal offenders. The results of this research support and confirm the positive relationship between education and recidivism. The elements of the social bond and differential association have proved in the past to be important predictors of future criminal activity. As indicators of recidivism, these two theoretical perspectives provide the foundation for a new model in correction reform. At the beginning of this investigation it was anticipated that the addition of education, income, and a measurement of the social bond, grounded in criminological theory (elements of the social bond and differential association), would significantly add to the predictive ability of recidivism. The approach used in this dissertation has been to develop the problem and then to apply appropriate educational and criminological theories and perspectives to solve the problem. Using meta-analysis as a method of mining the knowledge produced by numerous studies in the area of corrections education, the goal has been to utilize the additive power of these studies and the various approaches to solve a critical social problem rather than to develop a new social theory. The findings from this study suggest that criminologically grounded variables such as, education, income, and the social bond, previously applied to predict criminality can be successfully utilized to predict, and then ultimately prevent, continuation of an already existing criminal career. The end result can be applied to policy development that will aid in a reduction of prison populations