Off-grid energy policy:an analysis and new priorities

Progress in Sustainable Development Goal 7 is often framed as a driver of inclusive, just energy transitions and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Yet, equitable transitions entail more than basic access to clean and affordable energy services; they depend critically on pluralistic, democratic, inclusive, and sustainable outcomes and impacts. Only recently has the energy and sustainability transitions literature become more critical of the sometimes-unsustainable nature of ‘sustainability’ transitions. While unsustainable trends clearly emergefrequently, it is generally unknown who or what drives them. This study considers what role policy and policymakers play in shaping sub-Saharan Africa’s energy transition. More specifically, it analyzes the implications of off-grid solar policy i.e., actions, plans, and funding priorities of global-level energy and development organizations, investors, and governments,aimed at promoting the uptake of off-grid solar energy products. The study questions whether or not their efforts are actually driving the prioritized inclusive, just transition. Starting point is the African solar PV market—its realities and imminent sustainability challenges, capturing them in a dichotomy-based typology of solar innovation trajectories. As a guiding lens, we adopt the New Sussex Manifesto ‘3D agenda’ (diversity, direction, distribution). This study demonstrates that future energy planning must embrace diversity and the thousands of local solar entrepreneurs to carve out a more equitable energy transition-pathway in sub-Saharan Africa

Off-grid energy policy:an analysis and new priorities

Progress in Sustainable Development Goal 7 is often framed as a driver of inclusive, just energy transitions and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Yet, equitable transitions entail more than basic access to clean and affordable energy services; they depend critically on pluralistic, democratic, inclusive, and sustainable outcomes and impacts. Only recently has the energy and sustainability transitions literature become more critical of the sometimes-unsustainable nature of ‘sustainability’ transitions. While unsustainable trends clearly emergefrequently, it is generally unknown who or what drives them. This study considers what role policy and policymakers play in shaping sub-Saharan Africa’s energy transition. More specifically, it analyzes the implications of off-grid solar policy i.e., actions, plans, and funding priorities of global-level energy and development organizations, investors, and governments,aimed at promoting the uptake of off-grid solar energy products. The study questions whether or not their efforts are actually driving the prioritized inclusive, just transition. Starting point is the African solar PV market—its realities and imminent sustainability challenges, capturing them in a dichotomy-based typology of solar innovation trajectories. As a guiding lens, we adopt the New Sussex Manifesto ‘3D agenda’ (diversity, direction, distribution). This study demonstrates that future energy planning must embrace diversity and the thousands of local solar entrepreneurs to carve out a more equitable energy transition-pathway in sub-Saharan Africa

Phase-slip flux qubits

In thin superconducting wires, phase-slip by thermal activation near the critical temperature is a well-known effect. It has recently become clear that phase-slip by quantum tunnelling through the energy barrier can also have a significant rate at low temperatures. In this paper it is suggested that quantum phase-slip can be used to realize a superconducting quantum bit without Josephson junctions. A loop containing a nanofabricated very thin wire is biased with an externally applied magnetic flux of half a flux quantum, resulting in two states with opposite circulating current and equal energy. Quantum phase-slip should provide coherent coupling between these two macroscopic states. Numbers are given for a wire of amorphous niobium-silicon that can be fabricated with advanced electron beam lithography.Comment: Submitted to New Journal of Physics, special issue solid state quantum informatio

Appropriateness of different pedagogical approaches to road safety education for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

Background In 2016, 29% of pedestrians killed or seriously injured on the roads in Great Britain were under 15 years of age. Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), a chronic disorder affecting the acquisition and execution of motor skills, may be more vulnerable at the roadside than typically developing (TD) children. Current methods used to teach road safety are typically knowledge-based and do not necessarily improve behaviour in real traffic situations. Virtual reality road crossing tasks may be a viable alternative. Aims/Methods The present study aimed to test the road crossing accuracy of children with and without DCD in virtual reality tasks that varied the viewpoint to simulate the teaching methods currently used in road safety educational programmes. Twenty-one children with DCD and twenty-one age and gender matched TD peers were required to locate the safest road crossing sites in two conditions: allocentric (aerial viewpoint) and egocentric (first-person viewpoint). Procedures/Outcomes All children completed both conditions and were required to navigate either themselves or an avatar across the road using the safest crossing route. The primary outcome was accuracy defined as the number of trials, out of 10, on which the child successfully identified and used the safest crossing route. Results/Conclusions Children with DCD performed equally poorly in both conditions, while TD children were significantly more accurate in the egocentric condition. This difference cannot be explained by self-reported prior road crossing education, practice or confidence. Implications While TD children may benefit from the development of an egocentric virtual reality road crossing task, multimodal methods may be needed to effectively teach road safety to children with DCD

Absence of a Transcellular Oxalate Transport Mechanism in LLC-PK1 and MDCK Cells Cultured on Porous Supports

Transepithelial oxalate transport across polarized monolayers of LLC-PK1 cells, grown on collagen-coated microporous membranes in Transwell culture chambers, was studied in double-label experiments using [14C]-oxalate together with [3H]-D-mannitol as an extracellular marker. The [14C]-labeled glucose analog α-methyl-glucoside (α-MG) was used as functional marker for active proximal tubular sugar transport. Cellular uptake of oxalate and α-MG at both the apical and basolateral plasma membrane was determined. When added to the upper compartment, α-MG was actively taken up at the apical membrane, directed through the cells to the basolateral membrane and transported to the lower compartment, indicating functional epithelial sugar transport by LLC-PK1 cells. In LLC-PK1 cells, the uptake of α-MG at the apical membrane was approximately 50 times higher than that at the basolateral membrane. In contrast to this active transport of sugar, LLC-PK1 cells did not demonstrate oxalate uptake either at the apical or basolateral plasma membrane. The apical-to-basolateral (A- \u3e B) flux of oxalate in LLC-PK1 cells was identical to the basolateral-to-apical (B- \u3e A) oxalate flux in these cells. Moreover these flux characteristics were similar to those found for D-mannitol, indicating paracellular movement for both compounds. From these data, it is concluded that, under the experimental conditions used, LLC-PK1 cells do not exhibit a specific transcellular transport system for oxalate

Governed by history: Institutional analysis of a contested biofuel innovation system in Tanzania

Initially hailed as a miracle crop for biofuel production, Jatropha has recently attracted criticism for competing with food production, causing adverse biodiversity impacts, and jeopardizing land access by rural populations in tropical countries. This paper analyzes the contested development of Jatropha biofuel sector in Tanzania by anchoring two new concepts of ‘organizational models’ and ‘institutional arrangements’ to the sectoral systems of innovation perspective. The notion of ‘organizational models’ brings into relief the heterogeneity of actors in an innovation system and the ways in which the actors form networks, within and across national borders, to organize innovative activities. The concept of ‘institutional arrangements’ refers to the ensemble of formal and informal institutions assembled during Tanzania’s colonial and post-colonial eras, which directly govern innovative activities in specific organizational models. Based on a location-specific and historically-grounded institutional analysis within the innovation system framework, implications are drawn for the future development of Tanzania’s Jatropha sector including its links with European markets and for the regulation of ‘next-generation’ biofuels

Zeta Potential Measurement and Particle Size Analysis for a Better Understanding of Urinary Inhibitors of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization

To better understand urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization, both zeta potential measurement and particle size analysis were chosen to illustrate: (1) the potential therapeutic efficacy of G872, a semi-synthetic sulfated polysaccharide, in stone prevention; and (2) the relative contribution of various urinary fractions {e.g., ultrafiltered urine (UFU), Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), urinary polyanionsprecipitated with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), urinary macromolecular substances with different concentration ratios (UMSl0,50,90 and UMS\u27l0,50,90) and THP-free urine (THPFU)} to total urinary inhibitory activity. The results showed: (1) addition of G872 significantly enhances urinary inhibitory activity and negative zeta potential values; (2) re-addition of the CPC to UFU completely restores urinary inhibitory activity; and (3) artificial urines prepared by mixing UMS\u27 10,50,90 from THPFU with UFU differed in inhibitory activity from that prepared by mixing UMSl0,50,90 from a pooled normal urine with UFU. Based on these experimental results, the following speculations can be made: (1) normal human urines are considered to be a protective colloidal system; (2) urinary inhibitory activity originates mainly from CPC and/or UMS; (3) normal THP is a protective material to maintain urinary inhibitory activity; and (4) mutual interaction between urinary inhibitors may change the total urinary inhibitory activity

Clostridium difficile beyond stools : dog nasal discharge as a possible new vector of bacterial transmission

Zoonotic transmission of Clostridium difficile has been largely hypothesised to occur after direct or indirect contact with contaminated animal faeces. Recent studies have reported the presence of the bacterium in the natural environment, including in soils and rivers. If C. difficile spores are scattered in the environment, they can easily enter the respiratory tract of dogs, and therefore, dog nasal discharge could be a direct route of transmission not previously investigated. This study reports for the first time the presence of C. difficile in the respiratory tracts of dogs. The bacterium was isolated from 6 (17.1%) out of 35 nasal samples, with a total of 4 positive dogs (19%). C. difficile was recovered from both proximal and distal nasal cavities. All isolates were toxigenic and belonged to PCR- ribotype 014, which is one of the most predominant types in animals and in community- acquired C. difficile infections in recent years. The findings of this study demonstrate that the nasal cavity of dogs is contaminated with toxigenic C. difficile, and therefore, its secretions could be considered as a new route by which bacteria are spread and transmitted.Peer reviewe