Donkers, T.

Kessels, J.

Romijn, C.

Weiland, S.

English

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Complete vehicle energy management with large horizon optimization

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 Complete vehicle energy management with large horizonoptimizationCitation for published version (APA):Romijn, C., Donkers, T., Weiland, S., & Kessels, J. (2015). Complete vehicle energy management with largehorizon optimization. 34th Benelux Meeting on Systems and Control, March 24-26, 2015, Lommel, Belgium,Lommel, Belgium.Document status and date:Published: 01/01/2015Document Version:Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers)Please check the document version of this publication:• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can beimportant differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. Peopleinterested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit theDOI to the publisher's website.• The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review.• The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and pagenumbers.Link to publicationGeneral rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright ownersand it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.            • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.            • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain            • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, pleasefollow below link for the End User Agreement:www.tue.nl/taverneTake down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at:openaccess@tue.nlproviding details and we will investigate your claim.Download date: 04. Oct. 2023Complete vehicle energy management with large horizonoptimizationT.C.J. Romijn, M.C.F. Donkers, S. Weiland and J.T.B.A. KesselsDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Control Systems GroupEindhoven University, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB EindhovenEmail: T.C.J.Romijn@tue.nl, M.C.F.Donkers@tue.nl, S.Weiland@tue.nl, J.T.B.A.Kessels@tue.nl1 IntroductionHybrid vehicle technology has the premise of reducing fuelconsumption under various driving conditions. This tech-nology requires an energy management strategy to optimallycontrol the power flow between the internal combustion en-gine (ICE) and the electric machine (EM), while meetingstrict state-of-charge boundaries in the high-voltage battery.Besides an electric machine, heavy-duty vehicles can alsobe equipped with a refrigerated semi-trailer and many otherauxiliaries with the interesting property of having a flexi-ble power demand and/or the ability of storing energy (seeFig. 1). Including these components in the energy man-agement strategy, yielding complete vehicle energy manage-ment (CVEM), is attractive for reducing fuel consumption,but requires a new approach to solving the energy manage-ment problem [1].E-steerDC/DC converterA/C eCompressorMulti Mode InverterReefer trailerPlug inAir Supply SystemICE Clutch GearboxA/C CompressorHVACAlternator24V batteryElectric auxiliariesEASHigh Voltage Battery PackDrivelineInverterElectric Motor/GeneratorPpPbPrPlPaPeFigure 1: Topology of a hybrid heavy-duty vehicle2 ApproachThe approach taken in [1] is based on the dual decompo-sition. The CVEM problem is solved for a heavy-duty ve-hicle with an electric machine, a high-voltage battery anda refrigerated semi-trailer over a short horizon of 800 timesteps. As long-haul heavy-duty vehicles easily operate for10 hours and more, solving the problem for large horizonsis necessary to truly establish the benefit of CVEM.The dual decomposition results in four separated optimiza-tion problems, i.e., the dual functions. Each of the dualfunctions is related to one of the components in the vehi-cle and all dual functions are coupled by the dual variables.The primal problem is solved by iteratively solving the dualfunctions and subsequently updating the dual variables witha subgradient method. This approach is not only attractivebecause of its distributed nature, but also because of the de-composition, which allows each of the dual functions to besolved using any preferred solution method. By selectingthe best solution method for each dual function, the decom-posed CVEM problem introduced in [1] is solved for largehorizons with 53000 time steps (approximately 15 hours).3 Simulation resultsThe CVEM problem is solved using different solution meth-ods for each of the dual problems. In particular, the solu-tion of the dual function related to the engine and electricmachine is found explicitly. The dual function related tothe battery is solved with the Lagrangian method adapted tostate constraints. The dual function related to the refriger-ated semi-trailer is solved by applying ‘the method of mul-tipliers’ similar to distributed quadratic programming. Theresults presented in Fig. 2 show that both, the battery State-of-Energy (SoE) and the temperature inside the refrigeratedsemi-trailer remain between bounds. Moreover, the compu-tation time for this large-scale optimization problem is only13.2 minutes on a standard laptop pc and scales linearly withthe length of the horizon. In particular, computation time isreduced with a factor 100 for a horizon with 2000 time steps,compared to the approach taken in [1].00.51SoE [ − ]0 1 2 3 4 5 6x 104−22−20−18Tt [ °C ] Time [ s ]Figure 2: Optimal State-of-Energy and temperature trajectory4 AcknowledgementsThis work has received financial support from the FP7 ofthe European Commission under the grant CONVENIENT(312314).References[1] T.C.J. Romijn, M.C.F. Donkers, J.T.B.A. Kessels andS. Weiland, A Dual Decomposition Approach to CompleteEnergy Management for a Heavy-Duty Vehicle, Proc. 53rdAnnu. Conf. on Decision and Control, 2014.34th Benelux Meeting on Systems and Control Book of Abstracts83

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