Contribution of physical-chemical variables and passion fruit production in Baixo Acre

This study investigated the production and physical and chemical characteristics of eight sour passion fruit genotypes cultivated in Baixo Acre, AC. Evaluation of fruit number (FN), productivity (PRO), longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter (LD and TD), peel thickness (PT), average fruit mass (AFM), pulp mass (PM), juice yield (JY), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), ratio, and pH of genotypes H1, H3, R, V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5 was performed. Univariate, multivariate, and Pearson's correlation analyses were performed. Univariate analyses revealed that the genotype H1 stood out in terms of AFM, JY, and PRO; H3 for TD, LD, JY, and pH; H1, H3, V1, and R for LD; H3 and V5 for pH; and V4 and V5 for NF. A strong positive correlation was observed among the physical variables AFM, PM, LD, and TD. Four genotypes groups were obtained for both genetic divergence and PCA. The H1 genotype presented higher productivity, and the H3 genotype presented better fruit physical attributes

Alternative substrates and controlled-release fertilizer in the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings

There are many residues that can be used for agriculture, especially as a substrate. However, it is often necessary to fertilize the growing media so that the seedlings can be produced with quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of alternative and commercial substrates associated with different controlled-release fertilizer levels in producing yellow passion fruit seedlings. The experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Acre seedling nursery, with 50% luminosity. We used a randomized block experimental design in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme with 15 treatments, 4 replicates, and 10 plants per plot. The treatments consisted of five controlled-release fertilizer levels (0 kg m-3, 3 kg m-3, 6 kg m-3, 9 kg m-3, and 12 kg m-3) combined with lumps of acerola fruits (LAF), Brazil nut peel (BNP), and commercial (CS) substrates. The evaluated variables were seed height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (TDM), and seedling quality index (SQI). Use of the alternative lumps of acerola fruit (LAF) substrate associated with the 10 kg m-³ level of controlled-release fertilizer promoted the best results. BNP has potential for use as a substrate for passion fruit seedlings, however adjustments are necessary to achieve an adequate composition.There are many residues that can be used for agriculture, especially as a substrate. However, it is often necessary to fertilize the growing media so that the seedlings can be produced with quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of alternative and commercial substrates associated with different controlled-release fertilizer levels in producing yellow passion fruit seedlings. The experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Acre seedling nursery, with 50% luminosity. We used a randomized block experimental design in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme with 15 treatments, 4 replicates, and 10 plants per plot. The treatments consisted of five controlled-release fertilizer levels (0 kg m-3, 3 kg m-3, 6 kg m-3, 9 kg m-3, and 12 kg m-3) combined with lumps of acerola fruits (LAF), Brazil nut peel (BNP), and commercial (CS) substrates. The evaluated variables were seed height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (TDM), and seedling quality index (SQI). Use of the alternative lumps of acerola fruit (LAF) substrate associated with the 10 kg m-³ level of controlled-release fertilizer promoted the best results. BNP has potential for use as a substrate for passion fruit seedlings, however adjustments are necessary to achieve an adequate composition

Produção de mudas de açaizeiro solteiro submetidas a doses de nitrogênio e potássio

Given the importance that the species Euterpe precatoria exerts on the market, tied to a few studies referring to the initial phase of the crop, the objective was to evaluate the production of seedlings of single assai palm (Euterpe precatoria Mart.) submitted to increasing doses of nitrogen and potassium. The seedlings were arranged in a randomized block design in a 5x5 factorial scheme. The first factor comprised nitrogen doses (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg dm-3 of N) and the second potassium (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 mg dm-3 of K), applied in installments, 20, 40 and 40%. Plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), and the number of active leaves (NL) were evaluated at 90, 180, 240, and 300 days after pricking out, as well as ideal installment scans using the data obtained. Evaluations of the dry mass of the stipe (EDM), leaf (LDM), shoots (SDM), root (RDM), and total (TDM) were also evaluated at 300 days after pricking out, and the relationship between PH/SD and SDM/TDM was established. The data were submitted to univariate analysis and regression analysis. It was observed that the interaction between N x K was not significant, thus presenting the isolated effect of both. It was concluded that the K doses influence the stem diameter at 180 and 240 days and the PH/SD ratio. N presents increasing linear responses in almost all variables except PH/SD, and N split in the proportions of 30%, 30% and 40% for seedling production up to 300 days after pricking out is recommended.Mediante a importância que a espécie Euterpe precatoria exerce frente ao mercado, atrelado a poucos estudos referente a fase inicial da cultura, objetivou-se avaliar a produção de mudas de açaizeiro solteiro (Euterpe precatoria Mart.) submetidas a doses crescentes de nitrogênio e potássio. As mudas foram arranjadas em delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 5x5, sendo o primeiro fator as doses de nitrogênio (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 mg dm-3 de N) e o segundo de potássio (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 mg dm-3 de K), aplicados de forma parcelada, 20, 40 e 40%. Foram avaliados a altura da planta (PH), diâmetro do coleto (SD) e número de folhas ativas (NL) aos 90, 180, 240 e 300 dias após a repicagem bem como o parcelamento ideal mediante os dados obtidos. Também foram realizadas avaliações da massa seca do estipe (EDM), folha (LDM), parte aérea (SDM), raiz (RDM) e total (TDM) aos 300 dias após a repicagem e estabelecida a relação entre PH/SD e SDM/TDM. Os dados foram submetidos a análise univariada e análise de regressão. Foi observado que a interação entre N x K não foi significativa, apresentando, portanto, o efeito isolado de ambos. Conclui-se que as doses de K influenciam o diâmetro do coleto aos 180 e 240 dias assim como a relação PH/SD. O N apresenta respostas linear crescente em quase todas as variáveis, exceto PH/SD e recomenda-se o parcelamento de N nas proporções de 30%, 30% e 40% para a produção de mudas até 300 dias após repicagem

Shading and controlled-release fertilizer in the production of Oenocarpus bataua Mart. Seedlings

When associated an adequate shading and nutrition the seedlings to reach characteristics that allow them tosurvive in the field and increase production. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the production of Oenocarpusbataua seedlings in response to different shade environments and controlled-release fertilizer doses. Thestudy was carried out from at the Embrapa nursery located in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre state. Theexperimental design was complete randomized blocks with three replications and six plants per plot. Thetreatments were distributed according to a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, i.e., four shade environments (20%, 30%, 50%and 75%) and five CRF doses (0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg m–3) mixed with the substrate. Biometric, biomass andquality variables were evaluated at 305 days after transplanting. The ANOVA was applied for the qualitativefactor and regression analysis was performed for the quantitative factor, both at 5% probability. The treatmentswere grouped by analyzing canonical variables, a multivariate statistical and realized the Pearson’s correlationbetween variables was determined through correlation networks. The shading environment and the controlledreleasefertilizer positively influenced the growth and quality of Oenocarpus bataua seedlings. The seedlings ofOenocarpus bataua have better biometric characteristics produced in a nursery with 50% shading. Oenocarpusbataua seedlings show better quality when 3.88 kg m-3 of controlled release fertilizer are used

Estimativa de repetibilidade para caracteres de qualidade de frutos de laranjeira‑doce

The objective of this work was to determine the repeatability coefficient of fruit quality characteristics of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and the minimum number of evaluations that can provide levels of prediction certainty of the true genotype value. Thirty nine genotypes of sweet orange, collected in nine municipalities of the state of Acre, Brazil, were evaluated in five crop cycles. A randomized complete block design was used, with three replicates. The following were evaluated: average fruit weight, juice yield, peel thickness, soluble solids (SS), total acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, and technological index. To estimate the repeatability coefficients, the methods of analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and structural analysis were used. All evaluated characters showed variability, except for juice yield. The evaluated characters showed a cyclic pattern, which was best captured by the multivariate methodologies for estimating the repeatability coefficient. Fifteen evaluations are needed to determine, with 90% certainty, the characters peel thickness and soluble solids, and 11, 6, 3, 2, and 1 evaluations, respectively for average fruit weight, total acidity, technological index, juice yield, and SS/TA ratio, respectively.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o coeficiente de repetibilidade de características de qualidade do fruto de laranjeira‑doce (Citrus sinensis) e o número mínimo de avaliações capaz de proporcionar níveis de certeza da predição do valor real dos genótipos. Foram avaliados, em cinco safras, 39 genótipos de laranjeira‑doce, coletados em nove municípios do Estado do Acre. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliados: massa média de frutos, rendimento de suco, espessura de casca, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez total (AT), relação SS/AT e índice tecnológico. Para a estimativa dos coeficientes de repetibilidade, foram utilizados os métodos da análise de variância, dos componentes principais e da análise estrutural. Todos os caracteres avaliados mostraram variabilidade, exceto o rendimento de suco. Os caracteres avaliados mostraram padrão cíclico, o que foi mais bem captado pelas metodologias multivariadas de estimativa do coeficiente de repetibilidade. São necessárias 15 avaliações para determinar, com 90% de certeza, os caracteres espessura de casca e sólidos solúveis, e 11, 6, 3, 2 e 1 avaliações, respectivamente para massa média de fruto, acidez total, índice tecnológico, rendimento de suco e relação SS/AT

Production of yellow passion fruit seedlings as a function of alternative growing media and controlled-release fertilizer

ABSTRACT With the objective of evaluate the use of residues as growing media for the yellow passion fruit seedlings, a randomized block experiment was carried out with treatments distributed in a 2 × 21 factorial scheme corresponding to fertilizer management (presence and absence of controlled-release fertilizer), and combination of growing media from five local agro-industrial wastes (bark of cupuaçu fruit, almond shell of castanha-do-brasil, lumps of acerola fruit, lumps of cajá fruit, and lumps of açaí fruit) and a commercial growing media, which tested pure and was combined in a 1:1 ratio. The variables measured were the seedling height; stem diameter; height: stem diameter ratio; number of leaves; shoot, root, and total dry matter; and Dickson quality index. The dates were submitted to univariate and multivariate analyzes. The pairwise combination of growing medias produced from the bark of cupuaçu fruit, almond shell of castanha-do-brasil, lumps of acerola fruit, lumps of cajá fruit, lumps of açaí fruit, and commercial growing media in a proportion of 1:1 and with the use of controlled-release fertilizer constitute an alternative for other growing medias in the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings

Avances en propagación y cultivo de papaya

The papaya (Carica papaya) is a culture that has shown potential in several Brazilian regions, either in large producing companies or for family agriculture. Research on culture is needed to improve production and advance in regions where culture is incipient. Thus, this review aims to verify the scientific advances on the propagation and cultivation of papaya in the last eighteen years. The studies developed in the last years are mostly related to substrates for production of seedlings, fertilization with NPK and irrigation systems for the crop. The works addressing spacing, alternative cultural treatments and especially the consortium with other cultures are scarce. And there are still few researches carried out in regions that present aptitude for the production of the fruit, but are not great producers.La papaya (Carica papaya) es un cultivo que ha demostrado potencial en varias regiones brasileñas, ya sea en grandes empresas productoras o para la agricultura familiar. La investigación en cultura es necesaria para mejorar la producción y avanzar en regiones donde la cultura es incipiente. Por lo tanto, esta revisión tiene como objetivo verificar los avances científicos en la propagación y el cultivo de papaya en los últimos dieciocho años. Los estudios desarrollados en los últimos años están relacionados principalmente con sustratos para la producción de plántulas, fertilización con NPK y sistemas de riego para el cultivo. Los trabajos que abordan el espaciamiento, los tratamientos culturales alternativos y principalmente el consorcio con otras culturas son escasos. Y todavía hay poca investigación llevada a cabo en regiones que tienen aptitudes para la producción de fruta, pero no son grandes productores.O mamoeiro (Carica papaya) é uma cultura que tem demonstrado potencial em várias regiões brasileiras, seja em grandes empresas produtoras ou para a agricultura familiar. As pesquisas sobre a cultura são necessárias para o aprimoramento da produção e avanço em regiões onde a cultura é incipiente. Dessa forma objetiva-se com essa revisão verificar os avanços científicos sobre a propagação e cultivo do mamoeiro nos últimos dezoito anos. Os estudos desenvolvidos nos últimos anos são em sua maioria relativos a substratos para produção de mudas, adubação com NPK e sistemas de irrigação para a cultura. Os trabalhos abordando espaçamento, tratos culturais alternativos e principalmente o consórcio com outras culturas são escassos. E ainda são poucos as pesquisas realizadas em regiões que apresentam aptidão para a produção da fruta, porém não são grandes produtores

Estimativa de repetibilidade para caracteres de qualidade de frutos de laranjeira‑doce

The objective of this work was to determine the repeatability coefficient of fruit quality characteristics of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and the minimum number of evaluations that can provide levels of prediction certainty of the true genotype value. Thirty nine genotypes of sweet orange, collected in nine municipalities of the state of Acre, Brazil, were evaluated in five crop cycles. A randomized complete block design was used, with three replicates. The following were evaluated: average fruit weight, juice yield, peel thickness, soluble solids (SS), total acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, and technological index. To estimate the repeatability coefficients, the methods of analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and structural analysis were used. All evaluated characters showed variability, except for juice yield. The evaluated characters showed a cyclic pattern, which was best captured by the multivariate methodologies for estimating the repeatability coefficient. Fifteen evaluations are needed to determine, with 90% certainty, the characters peel thickness and soluble solids, and 11, 6, 3, 2, and 1 evaluations, respectively for average fruit weight, total acidity, technological index, juice yield, and SS/TA ratio, respectively.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o coeficiente de repetibilidade de características de qualidade do fruto de laranjeira‑doce (Citrus sinensis) e o número mínimo de avaliações capaz de proporcionar níveis de certeza da predição do valor real dos genótipos. Foram avaliados, em cinco safras, 39 genótipos de laranjeira‑doce, coletados em nove municípios do Estado do Acre. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliados: massa média de frutos, rendimento de suco, espessura de casca, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez total (AT), relação SS/AT e índice tecnológico. Para a estimativa dos coeficientes de repetibilidade, foram utilizados os métodos da análise de variância, dos componentes principais e da análise estrutural. Todos os caracteres avaliados mostraram variabilidade, exceto o rendimento de suco. Os caracteres avaliados mostraram padrão cíclico, o que foi mais bem captado pelas metodologias multivariadas de estimativa do coeficiente de repetibilidade. São necessárias 15 avaliações para determinar, com 90% de certeza, os caracteres espessura de casca e sólidos solúveis, e 11, 6, 3, 2 e 1 avaliações, respectivamente para massa média de fruto, acidez total, índice tecnológico, rendimento de suco e relação SS/AT

Desempenho da laranjeira 'Valência' sobre porta-enxertos no Estado do Acre

The objective of this work was to select rootstocks, based on the agronomic characters and fruit quality of the 'Valência' orange tree. The evaluated rootstocks were: the 'Cleópatra' mandarin; the TSKFL x CTTR-013, LVK x LCR-038, TSKC x CTQT 1439-004, LVK x LVA-009, TSK x TRENG-256 ('Indio' citrandarin) hybrid genotypes; the 'Santa Cruz' Rangpur lime; and the TSKFL x CTC-25-002, and TSKC x CTSW-038 hybrids. The experiment was installed in 2010 and evaluated from 2013 to 2017. The parameters plant height, canopy volume, yield efficiency, scion:rootstock ratio, survival percentage, and drought tolerance were evaluated in 2017. The yield average of five harvests was estimated, as well as the annual production per plant and the accumulated production. The analyzed fruit traits were: mass, diameter, peel length and thickness, juice yield, soluble solids, acidity, and technological index. 'Valência' shows a lower plant height and canopy volume, besides a higher yield efficiency, when grafted on TSKC x CTSW-038 than on the other rootstocks. LVK x LCR-038, TSKC x CTQT 1439-004, 'Indio' citrandarin, and 'Santa Cruz' Rangpur lime increase the production of the 'Valência' orange. LVK x LCR-038 and the 'Indio' citrandarin induce the scion to produce a better quality fruit.O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar porta-enxertos, com base nos caracteres agronômicos e na qualidade de frutos da laranjeira 'Valência'. Os porta-enxertos avaliados foram: a tangerina 'Cleópatra'; os híbridos TSKFL x CTTR-013, LVK x LCR-038, TSKC x CTQT 1439-004, LVK x LVA-009 e TSK x TRENG-256 (citrandarin 'Indio'); o limoeiro-cravo 'Santa Cruz'; e os híbridos TSKFL x CTC-25-002 e TSKC x CTSW-038. O experimento foi instalado em 2010 e avaliado de 2013 a 2017. Os parâmetros altura da planta, volume da copa, eficiência produtiva, relação entre copa e porta-enxerto, percentagem de sobrevivência e tolerância à seca foram avaliados em 2017. Foram estimadas a produtividade média de cinco safras, assim como a produção anual por planta e a produção acumulada. As características dos frutos analisadas foram: massa, diâmetro, comprimento e espessura de casca, rendimento de suco, sólidos solúveis, acidez e índice tecnológico. A 'Valência' apresenta menor altura de planta e volume da copa, bem como maior eficiência produtiva, quando enxertada sobre TSKC x CTSW-038 do que sobre os outros porta-enxertos. LVK x LCR-038, TSKC x CTQT 1439-004, citrandarin 'Indio' e limão-cravo 'Santa Cruz' estimulam o aumento da produção da laranjeira 'Valência'. LVK x LCR-038 e o citrandarin 'Indio' induzem o enxerto a produzir frutos de melhor qualidade