Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in milk of Nicaragua Mothers

Breast-milk samples from 101 mothers from the basin of Rio Atoya, Nicaragua, were collected on two occasions within the first trimester of lactation. Milk samples were analyzed for 13 organochlorine pesticides: (1) p^p'-dichlorophenyldichloroethylene; (2) p,p^- dichlorophenyltrichloroethane; (3) p,//-dichlorophenyldichlorodiene; (4) a-hexachlorocyclohexane; (5) P-hexachlorocyclohexane; (6) y-hexachlorocyclohexane; (7) 8-hexachlorocyclohexane; (8) toxaphene; (9) dieldrin; (10) endrin; (11) aldrin; (12) heptachlor; and (13) heptachlor-epoxide. Organochlorines of the dichlorodiphenylethane class (i.e., p,p'- dichlorodiphenylethane and p,p'-dichlorodiphenylethane) were found in all samples and at the highest mean concentrations observed in the study. Chemicals in the hexachlorocyclohexane family (i.e., a- and 5-hexachlorocyclohexane) were not found at all (0%), and the other hexachlorocyclohexane compounds (i.e., P > y) were found in less than 6% of the samples. Twenty percent or less of the sample contained chlorinated cyclodienes (i.e., dieldrin > endrin > heptachlor-epoxide > heptachlor). No measurable concentrations of a-hexachlorocyclohexane, aldrin, p,p'-dichlorophenyldichlorodiene, and toxaphene were found in the breast milk samples. Analysis of variance demonstrated that only the concentration of p,p'- dichlorophenyldichloroethylene p^p'-dichlorophenyltrichloroethane, and endrin were affected significantly by maternal age. Overall, with the exception of p,p'-chlorophenyldichloroethylene, and p,p'-dichlorophenyltrichloroethane, the mean concentrations of the analyzed pesticides were low. Total p,p'-dichlorophenyltrichloroethane concentrations that exceeded the allowed daily intake set by the World Health Organisation were found in 5.9% of the samples

La nueva justicia electoral en el Ecuador los recursos y acciones contencioso electorales y la protección de los derechos de participación.

As a mean to ensure that electoral processes and the exercise of political rights of citizens (Article 61 Constitution) are true democratic expressions, the contentious electoral systems are created. The most important and perhaps the greatest legacy that Latin America has given to contentious electoral law is the presence of independent and specialized electoral bodies for the administration of justice in electoral matters, and with them the creation of jurisdictional legal remedies that provides an effective protection of political participation rights and the reestablishment of broken legal system. Ecuador has not been indifferent to this need, that is why the latter Constitutional process (2008) has institutionalized the Tribunal Contencioso Electoral as a jurisdictional body that administer justice in electoral matters, and guarantee that the exercise of jurisdictional legal remedies, become one of the most effective tools to protect and guarantee the political rights that are expressed trough the vote.Como medio para garantizar que los procesos electorales y el ejercicio de los derechos de participación política de los ciudadanos (artículo 61 de la Constitución) sean verdaderas expresiones democráticas, se han diseñado los diferentes sistemas de justicia electoral. La característica más importante y posiblemente el legado más relevante que ha dado Latinoamérica al derecho contencioso electoral es el establecimiento de órganos electorales autónomos y especializados para la administración de justicia en temas electorales y, de la mano de ellos, la previsión de medios de impugnación jurisdiccionales que permitan una tutela efectiva de los derechos de participación política y, en consecuencia, el restablecimiento del orden jurídico quebrantado. El Ecuador no ha sido indiferente a esta necesidad, y es por ello que el último proceso Constituyente (2008) ha institucionalizando un órgano jurisdiccional (Tribunal Contencioso Electoral) que administre justicia en materia electoral, y sea el que conozca y resuelva los recursos y acciones contencioso electorales, que son las herramientas judiciales más eficaces para la protección y garantía de los derechos políticos que se expresan a través del sufragio

No renovación del andean trade preference act (atpda): caso flores ecuatorianas

En el presente trabajo se muestra un estudio la importancia de los Acuerdos Comerciales para el desarrollo del Comercio Internacional en los países y para el crecimiento sostenible de las industrias .Analizaremos el impacto de la pérdida del APTDEA ANDEAN TRADE PREFERENCE ACT y del SGP Sistema Generalizado de Preferencias para los cuales se a realizado un análisis de competencia de Ecuador con sus principales competidores como lo es Colombia y hemos encontrado las fortalezas y debilidades frente a estos países. Ecuador tiene ventajas competitivas y comparativas frente a los demás, solamente debemos aprovecharla. Adicional hemos realizado dos escenarios, uno con el APTDEA y sin el acuerdo, después de haberlo realizado hemos llegado a importantes conclusiones y recomendaciones que se deberían poner en práctica para que el país no sufra un alto impacto al no contar con estos beneficios arancelarios que permitían al país desarrollarse en el mercado mundial. Sino al contrario sea una oportunidad para desarrollarnos y volvernos fuertes frente a la competencia, Para la realización de este estudio se utilizaron varios libros como ECONOMIA INTERNACIONAL TEORIA Y POLITICA. Krugman y Obstfekd y la página del Banco Central del Ecuador, donde hay información disponible para desarrollar todo este tipo de análisis , con información histórica desde el año 1990

O processo de lematização no Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e português

O Tesouro do Léxico Patrimonial Galego e Português é uma base de dados léxica que permite o acesso à informação contida em trabalhos de léxico dialetal do galego, do português de Portugal e do português do Brasil. Os dados das fontes originais oferecem-se completos e organizados a partir de variantes, lemas, classificadores semânticos, categorias gramaticais e localização geográfica. Neste trabalho apresentam-se os principais critérios aplicados no processo de lematização, que implica a atribuição de lemas e de categorias gramaticais às variantes, quer dizer, às unidades léxicas registradas nas fontes. Os lemas têm como finalidade agrupar as diferentes variantes flexivas, ortográficas ou fônicas que se encontram nas obras introduzidas na base, já, as categorias servem para unificar a diversidade de etiquetas e de informação gramatical que se encontra nelas. Além disso, apresentam-se as duas vias de ampliação do projeto: o estabelecimento de geossinônimos e a conexão dos geossinônimos e dos lemários galegos e portuguese

O proceso de lematización no TLPGP

Conferencia presentada no III Congresso Internacional de Dialectologia e Sociolinguística. Londrina (Brasil), 7-10 outubro 201

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in Coastal Lagoon of the Pacific Coast of Nicaragua

A screening for persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons was carried out in December 1995 in the main coastal lagoons on the Pacific side of Nicaragua, where most of the country’s agriculture and pesticide use has been taking place for decades. Results for a wide range of organochlorine pesticides in lagoon sediments show levels that generally were very low in Estero Real, Estero Padre Ramos, and estuary of San Juan del Sur. For example, total DDTs in these lagoons averaged 4.5 6 3.4 ng g21 dry weight, which may be considered a baseline level for the region. Other compounds such as HCHs, BHC, endosulfan, heptachlor, endrin, toxaphene, and aroclors were present in concentrations even lower, generally below 1 ng g21 dry weight. However, sediments of the Esteros Naranjo–Paso Caballos system at Chinandega district contained pesticide residues in much higher levels, attaining maximum values of 1,420 ng g21 and 270 ng g21 dry weight, respectively, for toxaphene and total DDTs. Other compounds such as aroclors, chlordane, endosulfan, and dieldrin were also present in the sediments of this lagoon system, but in lower concentrations. The very high concentrations of toxaphene and DDTs in this lagoon are a result of the intensive use of these pesticides in cotton growing in the district of Chinandega. Due to the long environmental half-lives of these compounds (t1⁄2 . 10 years in temperate soils), their concentrations in lagoon sediments will likely remain high for years to come. Based on these results, the development of the new shrimp farming activities in the Pacific coastal lagoons should be restricted to selected areas. The intensive use of pesticides in Nicaragua, which for decades has been one of the biggest pesticide importers and users in Central America (Appel 1991; Castillo et al. 1997), is likely to cause severe contamination of aquatic systems. In particular halogenated hydrocarbons, including chlorinated pesticides and industrial chemicals such as the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are lipophilic toxic compounds that bioaccumulate and transfer in the food chain. Introduced in aquatic environments these chemicals may compromise the health of the ecosystems (Tardiff 1991). This is the case for the coastal lagoons of the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, where most of the country’s agriculture and population have been concentrated. In particular, cotton growing, a pesticide intensive agriculture started in the 1950s, was developed in this region of Nicaragua (Appel 1991). The degradation of these coastal lagoon systems, especially the reduction of mangrove forest and overexploitation of fishery resources, has received focused attention from national authorities. Agrochemical residues are suspected in the degradation of these lagoons, but have not been investigated. Furthermore, with the plans for developing shrimp rearing farms in these coastal lagoons (esteros), contamination by agrochemical residues becomes a matter of much concern for the future of this industry. To provide information on the potential impacts from agriculture and urban development, a screening of the contaminants was carried out in the main lagoons of the Pacific coast. This paper presents the results of the analyses of chlorinated hydrocarbons in lagoon sediments and discusses the ecotoxicological hazard posed by the current levels of persistent pesticide residues to aquatic biota

Virgen con el Niño, San Sebastián y San Roque, obra de Bernardino Luini (investigación e intervención)

Este artículo recoge los estudios y actuaciones realizadas en la pintura sobre tabla Virgen con el Niño, San Sebastián y San Roque, obra maestra del Renacimiento italiano, atribuida al pintor lombardo Bernardino Luini, conservada en la parroquia Santa María de la Mesa de Utrera (Sevilla). Por orden de 5 de mayo de 2009 la Consejería de Cultura encomendó al Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico la dirección y ejecución material del proyecto de conservación de la tabla. La línea de trabajo fundamental en este proyecto ha sido la investigación sobre el origen de la obra y su historia material, la identificación y análisis de los materiales constitutivos, los factores de deterioro y la diagnosis sobre su estado actual para proceder, posteriormente, a una correcta actuación. Cabe destacar su carácter innovador por la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías. Gracias a la colaboración del Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola de la Universidad de Sevilla1, se ha llevado a cabo un amplio estudio analítico por fluorescencia, difracción de rayos x portátil y reflectometría difusa. Los objetivos primordiales de la intervención han sido rescatar el original devolviendo la estética, recuperando la gran riqueza de matices cromáticos de esta obra maestra de nuestro patrimonio artístico. Por otra parte, se han conseguido eliminar aquellas intervenciones que distorsionaban o falseaban la lectura de la imagen, frenando el deterioro y previniendo daños futuros