965 research outputs found
in-depth analysis of SVM kernel learning and its components
The performance of support vector machines in non-linearly-separable classification problems strongly relies on the kernel function. Towards an automatic machine learning approach for this technique, many research outputs have been produced dealing with the challenge of automatic learn- ing of good-performing kernels for support vector machines. However, these works have been carried out without a thorough analysis of the set of components that influence the behavior of support vector machines and their interaction with the kernel. These components are related in an in- tricate way and it is difficult to provide a comprehensible analysis of their joint effect. In this paper we try to fill this gap introducing the necessary steps in order to understand these interactions and provide clues for the research community to know where to place the emphasis. First of all, we identify all the factors that affect the final performance of support vector machines in relation to the elicitation of kernels. Next, we analyze the factors independently or in pairs and study the influence each component has on the final classification performance, providing recommendations and insights into the kernel setting for support vector machines.IT1244-19
PID2019-104966GB-I0
An Experimental Study in Adaptive Kernel Selection for Bayesian Optimization
Bayesian Optimization has been widely used along with Gaussian Processes for solving expensive-to-evaluate black-box optimization problems. Overall, this approach has shown good results, and particularly for parameter tuning of machine learning algorithms. Nonetheless, Bayesian Optimization has to be also configured to achieve the best possible performance, being the selection of the kernel function a crucial choice. This paper investigates the convenience of adaptively changing the kernel function during the optimization process, instead of fixing it a priori. Six adaptive kernel selection strategies are introduced and tested in well-known synthetic and real-world optimization problems. In order to provide a more complete evaluation of the proposed kernel selection variants, two major kernel parameter setting approaches have been tested. According to our results, apart from having the advantage of removing the selection of the kernel out of the equation, adaptive kernel selection criteria show a better performance than fixed-kernel approaches
Evolving Lorentzian Wormholes
Evolving Lorentzian wormholes with the required matter satisfying the Energy
conditions are discussed. Several different scale factors are used and the
corresponding consequences derived. The effect of extra, decaying (in time)
compact dimensions present in the wormhole metric is also explored and certain
interesting conclusions are derived for the cases of exponential and
Kaluza--Klein inflation.Comment: 10 pages( RevTex, Twocolumn format), Two figures available on request
from the first author. transmission errors corrected
Fate of the first traversible wormhole: black-hole collapse or inflationary expansion
We study numerically the stability of Morris & Thorne's first traversible
wormhole, shown previously by Ellis to be a solution for a massless ghost
Klein-Gordon field. Our code uses a dual-null formulation for spherically
symmetric space-time integration, and the numerical range covers both universes
connected by the wormhole. We observe that the wormhole is unstable against
Gaussian pulses in either exotic or normal massless Klein-Gordon fields. The
wormhole throat suffers a bifurcation of horizons and either explodes to form
an inflationary universe or collapses to a black hole, if the total input
energy is respectively negative or positive. As the perturbations become small
in total energy, there is evidence for critical solutions with a certain
black-hole mass or Hubble constant. The collapse time is related to the initial
energy with an apparently universal critical exponent. For normal matter, such
as a traveller traversing the wormhole, collapse to a black hole always
results. However, carefully balanced additional ghost radiation can maintain
the wormhole for a limited time. The black-hole formation from a traversible
wormhole confirms the recently proposed duality between them. The inflationary
case provides a mechanism for inflating, to macroscopic size, a Planck-sized
wormhole formed in space-time foam.Comment: 10 pages, RevTeX4, 11 figures, epsf.st
Action at a distance as a full-value solution of Maxwell equations: basis and application of separated potential's method
The inadequacy of Li\'{e}nard-Wiechert potentials is demonstrated as one of
the examples related to the inconsistency of the conventional classical
electrodynamics. The insufficiency of the Faraday-Maxwell concept to describe
the whole electromagnetic phenomena and the incompleteness of a set of
solutions of Maxwell equations are discussed and mathematically proved. Reasons
of the introduction of the so-called ``electrodynamics dualism concept"
(simultaneous coexistence of instantaneous Newton long-range and
Faraday-Maxwell short-range interactions) have been displayed. It is strictly
shown that the new concept presents itself as the direct consequence of the
complete set of Maxwell equations and makes it possible to consider classical
electrodynamics as a self-consistent and complete theory, devoid of inward
contradictions. In the framework of the new approach, all main concepts of
classical electrodynamics are reconsidered. In particular, a limited class of
motion is revealed when accelerated charges do not radiate electromagnetic
field.Comment: ReVTeX file, 24pp. Small corrections which do not have influence
results of the paper. Journal reference is adde
Static and dynamic traversable wormhole geometries satisfying the Ford-Roman constraints
It was shown by Ford and Roman in 1996 that quantum field theory severely
constrains wormhole geometries on a macroscopic scale. The first part of this
paper discusses a wide class of wormhole solutions that meet these constraints.
The type of shape function used is essentially generic. The constraints are
then discussed in conjunction with various redshift functions. Violations of
the weak energy condition and traversability criteria are also considered. The
second part of the paper analyzes analogous time-dependent (dynamic) wormholes
with the aid of differential forms. It is shown that a violation of the weak
energy condition is not likely to be avoidable even temporarily.Comment: 16 pages AMSTe
Transcriptional silencing of the Dickkopfs-3 (Dkk-3) gene by CpG hypermethylation in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Dkk-3 is a newly characterised mortalisation-related gene and an antagonist of the Wnt oncogenic signalling pathway whose
expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines, suggesting that the Dkk-3 gene, located at chromosome 11p15.1, functions as
a tumour suppressor gene. Although 11p15 is a ‘hot spot’ for methylation in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), the role of Dkk-3
abnormalities has never been evaluated in this disease. We analysed CpG island methylation of the Dkk-3 promoter in six ALL cell
lines and 183 ALL patients. We observed Dkk-3 hypermethylation in all cell lines and in cells from 33% (60/183) of ALL patients.
Moreover, Dkk-3 methylation was associated with decreased Dkk-3 mRNA expression and this expression was restored after
exposure to the demethylating agent 5-AzaC. Clinical features did not differ between hypermethylated and unmethylated patients.
Estimated disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival at 10 and 11 years, respectively, were 49.8 and 45.6% for normal patients
and 10.5 and 15.1% for hypermethylated patients (P¼0.001 and 0.09). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that Dkk-3 methylation
was an independent prognostic factor predicting DFS (P¼0.0009). Our data suggest that Dkk-3 methylation occurs at an early stage
in ALL pathogenesis and probably influences the clinical behaviour of the disease
Promoter hypermethylation of cancer-related genes: a strong independent prognostic factor in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Promoter hypermethylation plays an important
role in the inactivation of cancerrelated
genes. This abnormality occurs
early in leukemogenesis and seems to be
associated with poor prognosis in acute
lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To determine
the extent of hypermethylation in
ALL, we analyzed the methylation status
of the CDH1, p73, p16, p15, p57, NES-1,
DKK-3, CDH13, p14, TMS-1, APAF-1,
DAPK, PARKIN, LATS-1, and PTEN genes
in 251 consecutive ALL patients.Atotal of
77.3% of samples had at least 1 gene
methylated, whereas 35.9% of cases had
4 or more genes methylated. Clinical features
and complete remission rate did not
differ among patients without methylated
genes, patients with 1 to 3 methylated
genes (methylated group A), or patients
with more than 3 methylated genes (methylated
group B). Estimated disease-free
survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) at
11 years were 75.5% and 66.1%, respectively,
for the nonmethylated group; 37.2%
and 45.5% for methylated group A; and
9.4% and 7.8% for methylated group B
(P < .0001 and P .0004, respectively).
Multivariate analysis demonstrated that
the methylation profile was an independent
prognostic factor in predicting DFS
(P < .0001) and OS (P .003). Our results
suggest that the methylation profile may
be a potential new biomarker of risk prediction
in AL
Epigenetic regulation of human cancer/testis antigen gene, HAGE, in chronic myeloid leukemia
Cancer testis antigens (CTA) provide attractive targets for cancer-specific immunotherapy.
Although CTA genes are expressed in some normal tissues, such as the testis,
this immunologically protected site lacks MHC I expression and as such, does not
present self antigens to T cells. To date, CTA genes have been shown to be expressed
in a range of solid tumors via demethylation of their promoter CpG islands, but rarely
in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or other hematologic malignancies
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