Dynamic Intracellular Metabolic Cell Signaling Profiles During Ag-Dependent B-Cell Differentiation

© 2021 Díez, Pérez-Andrés, Bøgsted, Azkargorta, García-Valiente, Dégano, Blanco, Mateos-Gomez, Bárcena, Santa Cruz, Góngora, Elortza, Landeira-Viñuela, Juanes-Velasco, Segura, Manzano-Román, Almeida, Dybkaer, Orfao and Fuentes.Human B-cell differentiation has been extensively investigated on genomic and transcriptomic grounds; however, no studies have accomplished so far detailed analysis of antigen-dependent maturation-associated human B-cell populations from a proteomic perspective. Here, we investigate for the first time the quantitative proteomic profiles of B-cells undergoing antigen-dependent maturation using a label-free LC-MS/MS approach applied on 5 purified B-cell subpopulations (naive, centroblasts, centrocytes, memory and plasma B-cells) from human tonsils (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD006191). Our results revealed that the actual differences among these B-cell subpopulations are a combination of expression of a few maturation stage-specific proteins within each B-cell subset and maturation-associated changes in relative protein expression levels, which are related with metabolic regulation. The considerable overlap of the proteome of the 5 studied B-cell subsets strengthens the key role of the regulation of the stoichiometry of molecules associated with metabolic regulation and programming, among other signaling cascades (such as antigen recognition and presentation and cell survival) crucial for the transition between each B-cell maturation stage.We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) for the grants: FIS PI14/01538, FIS PI17/01930 and CB16/12/00400. We also acknowledge Fondos FEDER (EU) and Junta Castilla-León (COVID19 grant COV20EDU/00187). Fundación Solórzano FS/38-2017.The Proteomics Unit belongs to ProteoRed, PRB3-ISCIII, supported by grant PT17/0019/0023, of the PE I + D + I 2017-2020, funded by ISCIII and FEDER. AL-V is supported by VIII Centenario-USAL PhD Program. PJ-V is supported by JCYL PhD Program and scholarship JCYL-EDU/601/2020. PD and EB are supported by a JCYL-EDU/346/2013 Ph.D. scholarship

Constraints on the structure and seasonal variations of Triton's atmosphere from the 5 October 2017 stellar occultation and previous observations

Context. A stellar occultation by Neptune's main satellite, Triton, was observed on 5 October 2017 from Europe, North Africa, and the USA. We derived 90 light curves from this event, 42 of which yielded a central flash detection. Aims. We aimed at constraining Triton's atmospheric structure and the seasonal variations of its atmospheric pressure since the Voyager 2 epoch (1989). We also derived the shape of the lower atmosphere from central flash analysis. Methods. We used Abel inversions and direct ray-tracing code to provide the density, pressure, and temperature profiles in the altitude range similar to 8 km to similar to 190 km, corresponding to pressure levels from 9 mu bar down to a few nanobars. Results. (i) A pressure of 1.18 +/- 0.03 mu bar is found at a reference radius of 1400 km (47 km altitude). (ii) A new analysis of the Voyager 2 radio science occultation shows that this is consistent with an extrapolation of pressure down to the surface pressure obtained in 1989. (iii) A survey of occultations obtained between 1989 and 2017 suggests that an enhancement in surface pressure as reported during the 1990s might be real, but debatable, due to very few high S/N light curves and data accessible for reanalysis. The volatile transport model analysed supports a moderate increase in surface pressure, with a maximum value around 2005-2015 no higher than 23 mu bar. The pressures observed in 1995-1997 and 2017 appear mutually inconsistent with the volatile transport model presented here. (iv) The central flash structure does not show evidence of an atmospheric distortion. We find an upper limit of 0.0011 for the apparent oblateness of the atmosphere near the 8 km altitude.J.M.O. acknowledges financial support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the European Social Fund (ESF) through the PhD grant SFRH/BD/131700/2017. The work leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's H2020 2014-2021 ERC grant Agreement nffi 669416 "Lucky Star". We thank S. Para who supported some travels to observe the 5 October 2017 occultation. T.B. was supported for this research by an appointment to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Post-Doctoral Program at the Ames Research Center administered by Universities Space Research Association (USRA) through a contract with NASA. We acknowledge useful exchanges with Mark Gurwell on the ALMA CO observations. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium).Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. J.L.O., P.S.-S., N.M. and R.D. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709), they also acknowledge the financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-2017-84637-R and the Proyecto de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucia J.A. 2012-FQM1776. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement no. 687378, as part of the project "Small Bodies Near and Far" (SBNAF). P.S.-S. acknowledges financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-RTI2018-098657-J-I00 "LEO-SBNAF". The work was partially based on observations made at the Laboratorio Nacional de Astrofisica (LNA), Itajuba-MG, Brazil. The following authors acknowledge the respective CNPq grants: F.B.-R. 309578/2017-5; R.V.-M. 304544/2017-5, 401903/2016-8; J.I.B.C. 308150/2016-3 and 305917/2019-6; M.A. 427700/20183, 310683/2017-3, 473002/2013-2. This study was financed in part by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -Brasil (CAPES) -Finance Code 001 and the National Institute of Science and Technology of the e-Universe project (INCT do e-Universo, CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). G.B.R. acknowledges CAPES-FAPERJ/PAPDRJ grant E26/203.173/2016 and CAPES-PRINT/UNESP grant 88887.571156/2020-00, M.A. FAPERJ grant E26/111.488/2013 and A.R.G.Jr. FAPESP grant 2018/11239-8. B.E.M. thanks CNPq 150612/2020-6 and CAPES/Cofecub-394/2016-05 grants. Part of the photometric data used in this study were collected in the frame of the photometric observations with the robotic and remotely controlled telescope at the University of Athens Observatory (UOAO; Gazeas 2016). The 2.3 m Aristarchos telescope is operated on Helmos Observatory by the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing of the National Observatory of Athens. Observations with the 2.3 m Aristarchos telescope were carried out under OPTICON programme. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730890. This material reflects only the authors views and the Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The 1. 2m Kryoneri telescope is operated by the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing of the National Observatory of Athens. The Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA) is managed by the Fondazione Clement Fillietroz-ONLUS, which is supported by the Regional Government of the Aosta Valley, the Town Municipality of Nus and the "Unite des Communes valdotaines Mont-Emilius". The 0.81 m Main Telescope at the OAVdA was upgraded thanks to a Shoemaker NEO Grant 2013 from The Planetary Society. D.C. and J.M.C. acknowledge funds from a 2017 'Research and Education' grant from Fondazione CRT-Cassa di Risparmio di Torino. P.M. acknowledges support from the Portuguese Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia ref. PTDC/FISAST/29942/2017 through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE 2020 (ref. POCI010145 FEDER007672). F.J. acknowledges Jean Luc Plouvier for his help. S.J.F. and C.A. would like to thank the UCL student support observers: Helen Dai, Elise Darragh-Ford, Ross Dobson, Max Hipperson, Edward Kerr-Dineen, Isaac Langley, Emese Meder, Roman Gerasimov, Javier Sanjuan, and Manasvee Saraf. We are grateful to the CAHA, OSN and La Hita Observatory staffs. This research is partially based on observations collected at Centro Astronomico HispanoAleman (CAHA) at Calar Alto, operated jointly by Junta de Andalucia and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IAA-CSIC). This research was also partially based on observation carried out at the Observatorio de Sierra Nevada (OSN) operated by Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (CSIC). This article is also based on observations made with the Liverpool Telescope operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. Partially based on observations made with the Tx40 and Excalibur telescopes at the Observatorio Astrofisico de Javalambre in Teruel, a Spanish Infraestructura Cientifico-Tecnica Singular (ICTS) owned, managed and operated by the Centro de Estudios de Fisica del Cosmos de Aragon (CEFCA). Tx40 and Excalibur are funded with the Fondos de Inversiones de Teruel (FITE). A.R.R. would like to thank Gustavo Roman for the mechanical adaptation of the camera to the telescope to allow for the observation to be recorded. R.H., J.F.R., S.P.H. and A.S.L. have been supported by the Spanish projects AYA2015-65041P and PID2019-109467GB-100 (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366-19. Our great thanks to Omar Hila and their collaborators in Atlas Golf Marrakech Observatory for providing access to the T60cm telescope. TRAPPIST is a project funded by the Belgian Fonds (National) de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS) under grant PDR T.0120.21. TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the University of Liege, and performed in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakesh. E.J. is a FNRS Senior Research Associate

Crecimiento, rendimiento y calidad de fruta de la china 'Washington Navel' en cuatro patrones durante los primeros cuatro años de producción.

Performance of the rootstocks 'Swingle citrumelo', 'Naronja' and mandarins 'Cleopatra' and 'Sun Chu Sha' on 'Washington Navel' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.)] was evaluated at Corozal and Isabela, Puerto Rico, during the first four years of production. Mean number of fruit per tree was significantly different between locations and among rootstocks for 1996-97 and 1997- 98. Data were not taken in 1998-99 because of damage caused by Hurricane Georges. The first two years the amount of fruit was significantly higher at Corozal than at Isabela, with Swingle producing greatest fruit yield. In 1999-00 (fourth year of production) no significant differences between locations were detected for tree canopy volume. Significant differences for internal fruit quality were detected between locations and among rootstocks for acidity, brix/acidity ratio and pH. No significant differences were observed for brix between locations or among rootstocks.Se estudió el efecto de tos patrones 'Swingle citrumeto', 'Naronja', y las mandarinas 'Cleopatra' y 'Sun Chu Sha' en el cultivar de china [Citrus sinensis (L)] Washington Navel en Corozal e Isabela durante los primeros cuatro años de producción. El promedio de número de frutas por árbol fue significativamente diferente entre localidades y entre patrones para los dos primeros años (1996-97 y 1997-98). En 1998-99 no fue posible recopilar datos por los daños causados por el Huracán Georges. Para el año 1999-00 (cuarto año de producción) no hubo diferencias significativas entre localidades y patrones. En los primeros dos años, en Corozal se produjeron significativamente más frutas que en Isabela, y con el patrón Swingle se produjeron más frutas que con los demás patrones, los cuales no difirieron entre sí. En el cuarto año de producción no hubo diferencia significativa para volumen de copa entre localidades, pero sí entre patrones, siendo Swingle el de menor tamaño. En los parámetros de calidad interna de la fruta, acidez, brix/acidez y pH se encontraron diferencias significativas entre localidades y patrones, mientras que para brix no las hubo

MANDARINA DANCY EN CINCO PATRONES: CRECIMIENTO Y PRODUCCIÓN EN LOS PRIMEROS CUATRO AÑOS

MANDARINA DANCY EN CINCO PATRONES: CRECIMIENTO Y PRODUCCIÓN EN LOS PRIMEROS CUATRO AÑO

Niveles de microriego y su efecto sobre el crecimiento y productividad de árboles de aguacate

Avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv. Simmonds) is an important fruit among consumers in Puerto Rico and in the Hispanic community in the United States. During the last years, orchard establishment has increased considerably in Puerto Rico, where production of this fruit is third behind mango and oranges. Currently growers need to deal with lack of information on proper irrigation management in orchards under conditions observed in Puerto Rico. Typically, growers are encouraged to adopt an irrigation scheduling method to ensure tree establishment and adequate productivity, and thus to reduce problems associated with improper irrigation management. The Universities of Puerto Rico and Florida recommend the use of tensiometers to schedule irrigation for fruit trees. An avocado orchard was established during 2001 for evaluating the effect of soil water tension measured by tensiometers on growth and productivity of avocado trees under microirrigation. The predominant soil series at the experimental site is Coto clay, classified as Typic Eutrustox. Planting distance was 9.1 m x 9.1 m. Trees were submitted to two microirrigation treatments scheduled by using tensiometers installed at 30-cm and 45-cm depths. Trees were irrigated when tensiometer readings reached a low depletion level (10 to 15 kPa) or a high depletion level (40 to 45 kPa). A rainfed treatment was included as check. Variables measured were canopy volume, fruit weight and number, and irrigation applied. Canopy volume of trees growing under rainfed conditions was significantly lower than that of trees submitted to either 10 to 15 kPa or 40 to 45 kPa microirrigation treatment. Trees submitted to 40 to 45 kPa showed the maximum canopy volume, 148 m3/tree, which was not significantly different from that of trees submitted to 10 to 15 kPa. Only in 2005, trees irrigated at low depletion levels produced 68 fruits per tree, an amount which was significantly greater than that of the other two irrigation treatments. In general, avocado trees submitted to high depletion level significantly increased their growth and yield.El aguacate (Persea americana Mill. cv. Simmonds) es una fruta de mucha importancia en Puerto Rico y en la comunidad Latina en los Estados Unidos. En los últimos años, el establecimiento de huertos de aguacate en Puerto Rico ha aumentado considerablemente; la producción de esa fruta se colocó tercera, después de la de mango y la de las chinas. Para asegurar el establecimiento de los árboles, la productividad y la reducción de los problemas asociados al manejo inapropiado del riego, se promueve que los productores adopten algún método para calendarizar el microriego. La Universidad de Puerto Rico y la Universidad de Florida recomiendan el uso de tensiómetros para calendarizar el microriego en árboles frutales. En el 2001 se sembró un huerto de aguacate para establecer un experimento para evaluar el efecto de la tensión hídrica, medida con tensiómetros, en el crecimiento y productividad de árboles de aguacate bajo microriego. La serie de suelo predominante en el predio experimental es Coto arcilloso, clasificado como Typic Eutrustox. La distancia de siembra de los árboles fue de 9.1 m x 9.1 m. Los árboles se sometieron a dos tratamientos de microriego calendarizados utilizando tensiómetros instalados a 30 y 45 cm de profundidad. En ambos tratamientos, los árboles se regaban cuando la tensión hídrica del suelo alcanzaba los valores críticos predeterminados, entre 10 y 15 kPa y entre 40 y 45 kPa. Se incluyó un tercer tratamiento sin riego como testigo. Las variables utilizadas para medir la respuesta de los árboles a los tratamientos de microriego fueron rendimiento, volumen de la copa, número y peso de frutas por árbol, y la cantidad de riego aplicada. El volumen de la copa de los árboles a los cuales no se les aplicaba microriego fue significativamente menor que el de los árboles con los dos tratamientos de microriego probados. El volumen de la copa máximo registrado fue de 148 m3/árbol, obtenido cuando la tensión hídrica del suelo alcanzaba de 40 a 45 kPa; éste no fue significativamente diferente al obtenido cuando se regaba a 10 a 15 kPa. El rendimiento más alto fue 84 kg/árbol y se observó en los árboles regados cuando la tensión superaba los 40 a 45 kPa. Solo en el 2005, el número de frutas por árbol en el tratamiento 10 a 15 kPa superó significativamente a los demás tratamientos, con 68 frutas por árbol. En términos generales, los árboles de aguacate sometidos a una tensión hídrica en el suelo de 40 a 45 kPa produjeron significativamente mayor crecimiento y rendimiento

Producción y calidad de la china 'Hamlin' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] en cuatro patrones en tres localidades de Puerto Rico.

The 'Hamlin' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] was evaluated in Isabela, Adjuntas and Corozal, Puerto Rico. This cultivar Is an early producer and Is used mainly by the Industry for juice. The cultivar was grafted to the rootstocks 'Swingle Citrumelo', 'Carrizo', Cleopatra' and 'Sun Chu Sha'. For six years, production, growth and fruit quality data [pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity and TSS/acid ratio] were recorded to evaluate horticultural traits. Significant differences were detected In mean fruit number per tree between Corozal and the other sites. The highest yields were obtained at Corozal for the rootstock Sun Chu Sha. Yields at Isabela and Adjuntas were similar. In terms of growth, Swingle Citrumelo and Carrizo showed significantly smaller height and canopy volume. No significant differences were detected for fruit quality among the rootstocks at the three sites. At Isabela we observed the best maturity Index (TSS/acid ratio) for all the rootstocks (17.3). This cultivar could be recommended for planting in coastal areas such as Isabela for availability of ripe fruit In the months when there are none in the higher altitudes, from September to November. With regard to locality and yield, the best performance for this cultivar among all the rootstocks was observed at Corozal.La china dulce 'Hamlin' [Citrus sinensis [L.) Osb.] se evaluó en las localidades de Isabela, Corozal y Adjuntas, (este cultivar, de producción temprana y cuya fruta se utiliza principalmente por la industria para el procesamiento de jugos, se injertó en los patrones 'Swingle Citrumelo'. 'Carrizo', 'Cleopatra' y 'Sun Chu Sha'. Durante seis años, a partir del quinto año de crecimiento, se tomaron datos de producción, crecimiento y calidad de las frutas [pH, sólidos solubles totales (SST), acidez titulable y relación SST/acidez] para evaluar el comportamiento hortícola. La producción promedio de frutas fue significativamente mayor en Corozal que en las otras localidades. En esta localidad, el patrón Sun Chu Sha obtuvo rendimientos significativamente mayores que los demás patrones; sin embargo, en Isabela y Adjuntas los patrones mostraron un comportamiento similar. Con respecto a crecimiento, los patrones Swingle Citrumelo y Carrizo resultaron con menor altura y volumen de copa. En ninguna de las localidades se encontraron diferencias significativas entre patrones para los parámetros de calidad de fruta. En Isabela se obtuvo el mejor índice de madurez temprana (relación SST/acidez) para todos los patrones (17.3). El cultivar Hamlin podría recomendarse para siembras en zonas costeras similares a Isabela, para tener frutas maduras disponibles en los meses de septiembre a noviembre cuando no las hay en las zonas de mayor altitud. Con respecto a localidad, en Corozal se consiguieron los mejores rendimientos para este cultivar con todos los patrones

Crecimiento y rendimiento de la pina en respuesta al manejo de fertilizante y riego por goteo

Pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Mere] is an important fruit crop cultivated in many tropical countries. This fruit crop requires large amounts of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) to maximize yield. Although pineapple has low water requirements, extended drought can affect yield. Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of fertilizer application methods and drip irrigation management on pineapple yields. Pineapple cultivars MD-2 and Cabezona were planted at Isabela and Lajas, Puerto Rico, respectively. Fertilizer and irrigation treatments included: i) Controlapplication of 896 kg/ha of a granular fertilizer (12-6-10-3) at two, five and nine months after planting; ii) FS-R- application of 150-150-120-45 kg/ha at planting plus 20 foliar applications of urea and potassium sulfate (50 kg/ha) every three weeks, rainfed; iii) FS-DI- application of 150-150-120-45 kg/ha at planting plus 20 foliar applications of urea and potassium sulfate (50 kg/ha), drip irrigation applied every three weeks; iv) FERT- application of 150-150-120-45 kg/ha at planting, but urea and potassium sulfate (50 kg/ha) were applied throughout fertigation; and v) CRF- same amount of nutrients as FS-R but N was applied as a controlled release fertilizer every six months. At Isabela, treatment FS-R produced the highest fruit weight (2.5 kg per fruit) and 1.5% of N in tissue, but did not differ significantly from FS-DI and CRF. Plants under CRF registered the highest Brix (15.8°). Although foliar fertilizer tended to produce higher yields, controlled release fertilizer is recommended because it eliminates the need for frequent foliar application without compromising yield.La piña [Ananas comosus (L.) Mere] es una fruta cultivada en varios países tropicales alrededor del mundo. Esta fruta requiere grandes cantidades de nitrógeno (N) y potasio (K) para maximizar su rendimiento. Aunque las plantas de piña necesitan bajas cantidades de agua, los períodos prolongados de sequía pueden afectar sus rendimientos. Se realizaron dos experimentos para estudiar el efecto de aplicaciones de fertilizantes y riego por goteo en el rendimiento de piña. Los cultivares MD-2 y Cabezona se sembraron en Isabela y Lajas, Puerto Rico, respectivamente. Los tratamientos de fertilizantes y riego utilizados fueron: i) Control - aplicación de fertilizante granulado a razón de 896 kg/ha (12-6-10-3) a los dos, cinco y nueve meses después de la siembra; ii) FS-R - aplicaciones de 150-150-120-45 kg/ha a la siembra más 20 aspersiones de urea y sulfato de potasio (50 kg/ha) cada tres semanas sin riego por goteo; iii) FS-DI - aplicaciones de 150-150-120-45 kg/ha a la siembra más 20 aspersiones de urea y sulfato de potasio (50 kg/ha) cada tres semanas añadiendo riego por goteo; iv) FERT - aplicaciones de 150-150-120-45 kg/ha más las mismas cantidades de urea y sulfato de potasio usadas en FS-DI, aplicadas por fertigación; v) CRF - aplicación de las mismas cantidades que FS-R, pero utilizando una formulación de nitrógeno de liberación controlada cada seis meses. En Isabela el tratamiento FS-R obtuvo el mayor peso del fruto (2.5 kg/fruta), y una concentración de N de 1.5% en el tejido, sin ser significativamente diferentes de FS-DI y CRF. Las plantas bajo CRF tuvieron el mayor valor Brix (15.8°). Aunque las aspersiones foliares tendieron a producir los rendimientos más altos, se recomienda la utilización de fertilizantes de liberación controlada porque elimina la necesidad de aspersiones foliares frecuentes sin comprometer rendimiento

Conocer para resolver: la violencia conyugal en los hogares sonorenses

La violencia conyugal vivida por las mujeres sonorenses es ligeramente superior a la nacional; para analizar e identificar cómo se expresa, se utilizan los datos de la Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares (ENDIREH 2003). La violencia física y sexual fueron menores, en cambio sobresalieron la emocional y económica que hasta ahora se han encubierto. Aquí se destaca la importancia de medir estas conductas agresivas, que no se identifican fácilmente

Comportamiento de la lima 'Tahití’ (Citrus latifolia Tan) injertada en cinco patrones en dos zonas productoras de Puerto Rico

Tahiti' lime, Citrus latifoliaTanaka grafted onto five citrus rootstocks: 'Swingle citrumelo' [Citrus paradisiMacf. x Ponsirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], 'Carrizo' [C. sinensis x P. Trifoliata (L.) Raf.], 'HRS 812' [tangerine 'Sunki', C. reticulata x P. trifoliate (L.) Raf.], 'Rough lemon' [C. jambhiri] and 'Cleopatra' mandarin [Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tan.] was evaluated at the Isabela and Corozal Substations, Puerto Rico. The parameters tree height, canopy diameter, canopy volume, efficiency, number and weight of fruits per tree, percentage of juice, total soluble solids, total soluble solids/acid ratio and efficiency were evaluated. The highest yield at Isabela was obtained on the rootstocks 'Rough lemon' and 'Swingle' with 42.7 and 35.9 kilograms of fruits, respectively. These values did not differ significantly from the yields obtained on the rootstocks 'HRS 812' (23.6 kg) and 'Cleopatra' (28.7 kg); however, they significantly exceeded the yield of 'Carrizo' rootstock (21.6 kg). At Corozal, the highest yields were recorded in the rootstocks 'Rough Lemon' (52.9 kg), 'HRS 812' (52.7 kg), and 'Swingle' (47.6 kg), which did not differ from that of 'Carrizo' (40.9 kg) but were significantly higher than that of 'Cleopatra'. At both locations, the parameters that define the quality of fruit were acceptable and very similar. In Isabela, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacteria associated with the disease known as "Huanglongbing" (HLB), was detected two years after the trees were planted. However, the trees continued producing fruits and there was no decline associated with the disease. After detecting the disease in this location we used an aggressive nutritional program which included foliar and soil fertilization.La lima 'Tahiti', Citrus latifolia Tan. injertada en cinco patrones de cítricas: 'Swingle citrumelo' [Citrus paradisi Macf. x Ponsirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], 'Carrizo' [C. sinensis x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] , 'HRS 812' [mandarina 'Sunki', C. reticulata x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.], 'Limón rugoso' [C. jambhiri] y mandarina 'Cleopatra' [Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tan.] se evaluó en las subestaciones de Isabela y Corozal, Puerto Rico. Los parámetros de altura, diámetro de copa, volumen de copa, eficiencia, número y peso de frutas por árbol, porcentaje de jugo, sólidos solubles totales, acidez y relación sólidos solubles totales/acidez (índice de madurez) fueron evaluados. En la Subestación de Isabela los mayores rendimientos se consiguieron en los patrones 'Limón rugoso' y 'Swingle', con 42.7 y 35.9 kg de fruta por árbol, respectivamente. Estos valores no difieren significativamente de los rendimientos conseguidos en los patrones 'HRS 812' (23.6 kg) y 'Cleopatra' (28.7 kg), mientras que superan significativamente los rendimientos en el patrón 'Carrizo' (21.6 kg). En la Subestación de Corozal los mayores rendimientos se consiguieron en los patrones 'Limón rugoso' (52.9 kg), 'HRS 812' (52.7 kg) y 'Swingle' (47.6 kg), siendo estos significativamente mayores que el de 'Cleopatra' (27.7 kg) pero no que el de 'Carrizo' (40.9 kg). En ambas localidades los parámetros que definen la calidad de fruta fueron aceptables y muy parecidos para ambas zonas. Dos años después de la siembra, en los árboles en Isabela se detectó a Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, bacteria asociada a la enfermedad conocida como "Huanglongbing" (HLB). A pesar de la presencia de la enfermedad, los árboles se mantuvieron en producción y no hubo declinamiento que se asociara a la enfermedad. Tras la detección de la enfermedad en esta localidad se estableció un programa nutricional más intensivo utilizado fertilizantes foliares y al suelo

Violencia hacia las mujeres: reflexiones desde una perspectiva regional

Violence is an act or omission that seeks to cause harm to another person or force him/her to do something against his/her will. Violence against women is a complex phenomenon that can be approached through the individual as a receiving/generating subject of aggression, and also through the structural factors associated. Based on the results for the state of Sonora, of the National Survey about the Dynamics of Relationships in Households, this work provides conceptual and empirical elements related to violence against women. The hypothesis is that education and income of women are not directly related to the risk of violence. The results show that the total violence experienced by women who live in Sonora, was slightly higher than the national, although they are not statistically significant. The educational level and economic income were not directly associated with the different forms of violence. Women with professional education and with low level of education have a lower risk of experiencing some form of violence. Therefore it is suggested that social programs for attention and elimination of the violence against women, should be addressed to all kind of people.La violencia es un acto u omisión que busca ocasionar daño a otra persona u obligarla a hacer algo en contra de su voluntad. La violencia hacia las mujeres es un fenómeno complejo que puede ser abordado desde lo individual a través de las receptoras/generadoras de agresión, como de los factores estructurales asociados. A partir de los resultados para el estado de Sonora de la Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares, este trabajo busca aportar elementos conceptuales y empíricos relacionados con la violencia hacia las mujeres. La hipótesis es que la escolaridad e ingreso económico de las mujeres no guardan relación directa con el riesgo de ser violentadas. Los resultados muestran que la violencia total vivida por las mujeres sonorenses era ligeramente superior a la nacional, sin ser estadísticamente significativa. El nivel de escolaridad y el ingreso no se asociaron directamente a las distintas formas de violencia. Las mujeres con estudios profesionales y las de menor escolaridad tienen menos riesgo de sufrir alguna forma de violencia. En tal sentido, se sugiere que los programas sociales para la atención y eliminación de la violencia hacia las mujeres, se dirijan a todo tipo de población