Toward a Liberal Application of the Close of All the Evidence Requirement of Rule 50(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: Embracing Fairness Over Formalism

This Note examines the language and purposes of rule 50 to determine if and when a relaxed application of its requirements is appropriate. Part I considers the terms and goal of the rule and concludes that its purpose is to put the party opposing the motion for judgment as a matter of law on notice of the movant\u27s assertion that the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law, and to provide the opposing party an opportunity to cure. Part II discusses courts\u27 varying application of the requirement that a motion for judgment as a matter of law made at the close of all the evidence precede a renewal of such a motion after the jury has returned its verdict. Part III analyzes the approaches and argues that, given the purpose behind rule 50(b) and the spirit of the Federal Rules, a liberal interpretation of this requirement is appropriate. This last Part proposes an amendment to the rule which alters its language to reflect better the purposes the rule is intended to serve

Statistical Analysis of Instantaneous Velocities in Turbulent Flow of Dilute Viscoelastic Solutions

An experimental study, based on streak photograph determination of instantaneous velocities, was directed at determining the structure of turbulence within the boundary layer and core regions of circular pipes. The measurements lend support to the ejection phenomenon as the mechanism controlling drag reduction. A correlation factor, defined as the ratio of the observed number of positive instantaneous radial velocities, to the observed number of negative instantaneous radial velocities, suggests acceleration in the radial direction as the elements of fluid move through the sublayer. The correlation factor also provides information about the thickening of the boundary layer for drag reducers relative to the Newtonian case. Radial turbulent intensity data for 0.01% aqueous solutions of Separan AP-30 were found to be markedly lower, at all radial positions, than the intensities for Newtonian fluids. The lowering of the radial intensities being ordered according to the amount of drag reduction

NEW ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES ASSOCIATED WITH INTENTIONAL HEART FOCUS

This work utilizes the measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) as a vehicle to show that continued practice of certain specific techniques involving an intentional shift of focus to the area of the heart, and invoking specific feeling states such as "love" and "appreciation," automatically manifests in increased autonomic nervous system balance. In particular, (1) enhanced balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system, (2) a shift of the high frequency and low frequency portions of the HRV power spectra to around 0.1 Hz range, (3) entrainment and frequency locking of multiple body oscillators (HRV, pulse transit time and respiration), (4) a shift in frequency of all the body's entrained systems, around O.IHz frequency, associated with a change in focus of the subject to a different heart feeling state, and (5) the intentional generation of a newly defined internal coherence state (near zero HRV), have all been achieved. These are electrophysiological correlates of certain mental and emotional states occupied by the individual. Three individual subjects plus a group study of twenty subjects are reported on and discussed. From these results, one sees that individuals can intentionally affect their autonomic nervous system balance, and thus, their HRV

Avec leur statut original, quels rôles pour les sociétés d'aménagement régional dans les politiques de l'eau et de l’irrigation ?

Les sociétés d’aménagement régional (SAR) opérateurs régionaux de la gestion de l’eau avec un mandat d’aménagement du territoire ont un statut original de sociétés commerciales. Elles jouent un rôle majeur dans la réalisation des investissements nécessaires à l’irrigation dans le Sud de la France. Une interview de trois cadres de ces sociétés permet de cerner comment elles peuvent jouer ce rôle. La relation avec les irrigants se fait par des contrats de droit privé impliquant généralement un comptage des quantités d’eau distribuée et une attention particulière au prix de l’eau. La vente d’eau à différents usagers agricole, urbain ou industriel permet d’équilibrer les comptes. Ces sociétés apportant à l’État la garantie d’organisations structurées, la répartition de l’eau, la création de ressource avant l’équipement des exploitations irrigantes, le conseil d’État recommande de leur donner plus de poids. / Regional development companies (SAR), regional organizations of water management with a role of regional planning and development have, in France, an original status of corporations. They play a major role in making the necessary investments in irrigation in the South of France. An interview with three managers of these companies can identify how they can play this role. Relationship with irrigators is done by private contracts generally involving water measurement and special attention to water price. The sale of water to different users agricultural, urban or industrial balances the accounts. As these companies bring to the state the guaranty of structured organizations, balanced distribution of water, creating resource before farm equipment, the State Council recommends to give them more weight

Identification and Calculation of the Universal Maximum Drag Reduction Asymptote by Polymers in Wall Bounded Turbulence

Drag reduction by polymers in wall turbulence is bounded from above by a universal maximal drag reduction (MDR) velocity profile that is a log-law, estimated experimentally by Virk as $V^+(y^+)\approx 11.7 \log y^+ -17$. Here $V^+(y)$ and $y^+$ are the mean streamwise velocity and the distance from the wall in "wall" units. In this Letter we propose that this MDR profile is an edge solution of the Navier-Stokes equations (with an effective viscosity profile) beyond which no turbulent solutions exist. This insight rationalizes the universality of the MDR and provides a maximum principle which allows an ab-initio calculation of the parameters in this law without any viscoelastic experimental input.Comment: 4 pages, 1 fig. Phys. Rev. Letts., submitte

Saturation of Turbulent Drag Reduction in Dilute Polymer Solutions

Drag reduction by polymers in turbulent wall-bounded flows exhibits universal and non-universal aspects. The universal maximal mean velocity profile was explained in a recent theory. The saturation of this profile and the crossover back to the Newtonian plug are non-universal, depending on Reynolds number Re, concentration of polymer $c_p$ and the degree of polymerization $N_p$. We explain the mechanism of saturation stemming from the finiteness of extensibility of the polymers, predict its dependence on $c_p$ and $N$ in the limit of small $c_p$ and large Re, and present the excellent comparison of our predictions to experiments on drag reduction by DNA.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figs., included, PRL, submitte

Drag Reduction by Polymers in Wall Bounded Turbulence

We address the mechanism of drag reduction by polymers in turbulent wall bounded flows. On the basis of the equations of fluid mechanics we present a quantitative derivation of the "maximum drag reduction (MDR) asymptote" which is the maximum drag reduction attained by polymers. Based on Newtonian information only we prove the existence of drag reduction, and with one experimental parameter we reach a quantitative agreement with the experimental measurements.Comment: 4 pages, 1 fig., included, PRL, submitte