Causas de mortes em gatos no sul do Brasil

A intensificação da criação de felinos em todo o mundo demandam uma ampliação e aprofundamento dos conhecimentos da clínica e patologia de doenças infecciosas que acometem os gatos. Entretanto, existe uma escassez de informações sobre doenças infecciosas que acometem os gatos do Brasil, especialmente da região sul. Esta tese de doutorado teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das principais causas de morte em gatos, além da caracterização anatomopatológica e identificação de agentes infecciosos em tecidos e células de gatos através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) e imunocitoquímica (ICQ). O primeiro artigo teve como objetivo determinar as principais causas de morte em gatos na região Sul do Brasil, através de um estudo retrospectivo, de 2000 a 2015. Foram realizadas um total de 1753 necropsias de felinos domésticos, destas 1364 (77,8%) foram conclusivas e 389 foram inconclusivos (22,2%). As categorias mais prevalentes foram: neoplasmas (20%), doenças infecciosas/parasitárias (17,8%), doenças do sistema digestório (14,1%), traumatismos (13,4%), doenças do sistema urinário (11,4%), doenças do sistema cardiovascular (6,9%), doenças do sistema respiratório (5,8%) e outras (8,5%). As causas de morte mais frequentes incluíram: politraumatismo (13,4%), linfoma (8,8%) e peritonite infecciosa felina (7,9%). O segundo artigo teve como objetivo fazer a identificação por ICQ dos antígenos do coronavírus felino (FCoV) em macrófagos e monócitos fixados em formol e embebidos em parafina a partir de derrame e sangue como alternativa diagnóstica ante mortem da peritonite infecciosa felina. Foram selecionados para o estudo gatos com pelo menos um dos seguintes sinais clínicos: derrame em cavidades abdominal e/ou torácica e/ou pericárdica, temperatura retal acima de 40oC, icterícia, linfoadenomegalia, e sinais clínicos oftálmicos e neurológicos. Foram recebidas 25 amostras provenientes de derrames. Dessas, 16 tiveram marcação positiva no interior de macrófagos. Nove desses casos, foram confirmados pela necropsia. De 17 amostras de sangue total, 3 amostras tiveram marcação positiva no interior de monócitos; dois desses casos foram confirmadas na necropsia. O teste de ICQ anti-FCoV foi sensível e específico como método diagnóstico ante mortem da PIF. O terceiro artigo teve como objetivo descrever cinco casos de gatos apresentando cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e miocardite associadas ao vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV). Na necropsia, os cinco gatos apresentaram o coração acentuadamente aumentado de tamanho, por hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, e múltiplos focos brancacentos coalescentes no miocárdio e no epicárdico. Microscopicamente, no miocárdio, havia infiltrado multifocal acentuado composto por linfócitos, alguns macrófagos, neutrófilos e plasmócitos. Na IHQ para FIV houve intensa imunomarcação no citoplasma e no núcleo, principalmente de linfócitos e no citoplasma de ocasionais macrófagos no miocárdio. O infiltrado inflamatório caracterizou-se por linfócitos T e macrófagos, o que foi evidenciado por imunomarcação específica para essas células. Este trabalho demonstra a importância das doenças infecciosas/parasitárias, consideradas como causa de morte em gatos, demonstra a utilidade da técnica técnica ocorrência de infecção pelo do vírus da imunodeficiência felina em células inflamatórias no miocárdio de gatos com miocardite e cardiomiopatia hipertrófica.The increase of cat breeding worldwide demands an expansion in qualified information on clinic clinical and pathological aspects of feline infectious diseases. There is, however, a lack of information on the infectious diseases that affect cats in Brazil, especially in the Southern region. This doctoral thesis aimed to survey of the main causes of death caused in cats, as well as the anatomopathological characterization of tissue response and identification of infectious agents in the tissues and cells through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICH). Three articles were written. The first one aimed to determine the main causes of death in cats in southern Brazil, through a retrospective study, from 2000 to 2015. A total of 1,753 domestic feline necropsies were reviewed, from which 1,364 (77.8%) had a conclusive diagnosis and 389 were inconclusive (22.2%). The most prevalent categories were neoplasms (20%), infectious/parasitic diseases (17.8%), diseases of the digestive system (14.1%), traumatisms (13.4%), diseases of the urinary system (6.9%), diseases of the respiratory system (5.8%) and others (8.5%). The most frequent causes of death included multiple trauma (13.4%), lymphoma (8.8%) and feline infectious peritonitis (7.9%). lymphoma (8.8%) and feline infectious peritonitis (7.9%). The second article aimed to tests and alternative antemortem diagnostic method to identified cats with feline infectious peritonitis feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigens; the method consists of applying ICH to macrophages and monocytes sampled from effusion and blood, fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Cats with at least one of the following clinical signs were selected for being tested: cavitary (abdominal and/or thoracic and/or pericardial) effusion, rectal temperature above 40 ° C, jaundice, enlargement of lymph nodes, clinical ophthalmic and neurological signs. Twenty-five samples from effusions were received, of which 16 had positive marking within macrophages, 9 of which were confirmed by necropsy examination. Seventeen samples consisted of whole blood, from these, 3 samples had positive staining within monocytes and two cases were confirmed by postmortem examination. The anti-FCoV ICQ test was sensitive and specific as a PIF antemortem diagnostic method. The second article aimed to identify by ICQ the feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigens in macrophages and monocytes fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin from effusion and blood as a diagnostic alternative antemortem of feline infectious peritonitis. Cats with at least one of the following clinical signs were selected: cavitary (abdominal and/or thoracic and/or pericardial) effusion, rectal temperature above 40°C, jaundice, enlargement of lymph nodes, clinical ophthalmic and neurological signs. Twenty-five samples from effusions were received, of which 16 had positive marking inside macrophages, 9 of which were confirmed by necropsy examination. 17 samples were also received from whole blood, these 3 samples had positive staining within monocytes and in 2 cases confirmed by postmortem examination. The anti-FCoV ICQ test was sensitive and specific as a PIF antemortem diagnostic method. The third article aimed to describe five cases of cats presenting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and myocarditis associated with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). At necropsy, the five cats presented a markedly enlarged heart, marked left ventricular hypertrophy, multiple myocardial and epicardial whitening foci. Microscopically, in the myocardium, there was marked multifocal infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and plasma cells. In the IHC for FIV there was intense immunostaining in the cytoplasm and nucleus, mainly of lymphocytes and occasional macrophages cytoplasm in the myocardium. The inflammatory infiltrate was predominantly composed of T lymphocytes and macrophages, evidenced by immunostaining. This work demonstrates the importance of 8 infectious/parasitic diseases, as the cause of death in cats, demonstrate the use of the IHC technique as an alternative antemortem diagnostic tool for FIP and the occurrence of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in inflammatory cells in the myocardium of cats with myocarditis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

First case of degenerative mucinotic mural folliculitis in Brazil

The purpose of this report is to describe the first case of degenerative mucinotic mural folliculitis (DMMF) in Brazil. This dermathopathy has been described as a rare cause of alopecia and hyperkeratosis in cats. Severe forms have been linked to infection with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV). A 10-year-old neutered male Siamese cat was referred with a 40 days history of progressive hair loss. The cat had initial alopecia on the head, subsequently spreading to the neck, torso and limbs. The skin biopsy revealed degenerative mucinotic mural folliculitis. Distinct seropositive reaction against FIV. antigens was demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Therapeutic response to glucocorticoid medication, immunomodulators and antibiotics was poor and the patient died from undetermined causes. DMMF should be included in the differential diagnosis of feline exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia. Early diagnosis through histopathological and immunohistochemical tests is extremely important in determining the prognosis and the best treatment

Aborto bovino por uma cepa vacinal de Bacillus anthracis

This paper reports the abortion of a male Aberdeen Angus bovine by a vaccine strain of Bacillus anthracis, describing the pathological and microbiological findings and the genome sequence. Necropsy findings included multifocal areas of hemorrhage in different organs. Histologically, various organs showed hemorrhage, fibrin exudation, necrosis associated with countless bacillary bacterial clumps and severe neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate. In the microbiological examination, numerous rough, nonhemolytic, gray and dry colonies with irregular edges were isolated from liver, lung and abomasum content samples. Gram staining revealed square-ended Gram-positive rods arranged in chains. B. anthracis identification was confirmed by detection of the molecular chromosomal marker Ba813. The genomes from the isolated B. anthracis (named SPV842_15) and from the isolated vaccinal strain (Brazilian vaccinal strain), which was recovered from a commercial vaccine used in the pregnant cow, were sequenced. Genomic comparisons displayed a high level of nucleotide identity in the comparisons between B. anthracis SPV842_15 and the B. anthracis Brazilian vaccinal strain (98,2%). Furthermore, in both strains, only the plasmid pX01 sequence was detected. Although, vaccination against anthrax is characterized by an elevated protective profile and very low residual virulence, immunization with Sterne strains can cause abortion in cattle, presumably by the plasmid pX01 toxins in rare or special situations.Este trabalho relata um aborto de um bovino, macho, Aberdeen Angus, por uma cepa vacinal de Bacillus anthracis, descreve os achados patológicos, microbiológicos e o sequenciamento do genoma. Os achados de necropsia incluíram áreas multifocais de hemorragias em diferentes órgãos. Histologicamente, órgãos afetados apresentaram hemorragia, exsudação de fibrina, necrose associada a miríades bacterianas bacilares e intenso infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico. No exame microbiológico, foram isoladas numerosas colônias rugosas, não hemolíticas, cinzas e secas, com bordas irregulares a partir de amostras de fígado, pulmão e conteúdo do abomaso. A coloração de Gram revelou bastonetes Gram-positivos dispostos em cadeias. A identificação do B. anthracis foi confirmada pela detecção do marcador cromossômico molecular Ba813. Os genomas do isolado B. anthracis (SPV842_15) e do isolado vacinal (cepa vacinal brasileira), recuperado de uma vacina comercial utilizada na vaca prenhe, foram sequenciados. Comparações genômicas mostraram um elevado nível de identidade de nucleotídeos entre B. anthracis SPV842_15 e cepa vacinal brasileira (98,2%). Além disso, em ambas as estirpes foi detectada apenas a sequência do plasmídeo pX01. Embora a vacinação contra o antraz seja caracterizada por um perfil protetor elevado e uma virulência residual muito baixa, a imunização com estirpes de Sterne pode causar aborto em bovinos, presumivelmente pelas toxinas do plasmídeo pX01 em situações raras ou específicas

Disgerminoma bilateral e hiperplasia endometrial cística com piometra em cadela

Background:  :  : Ovarian tumors are considered rare both in dogs and cats. Germ cell neoplasms correspond to approximately 15% of the cases and can be classified into dysgerminomas, teratomas and teratocarcinomas. Reports of bilateral dysgerminoma in dogs and cats are rare. The aim of this work was to describe a case of bilateral dysgerminoma and cystic endometrial hyperplasia with pyometra in a bitch by presenting the clinical, surgical, pathological and immunohistochemical findings. Case: A 10-year-old female crossbred dog was presented with a history of vomiting, apathy and purulent vulvar discharge. Physical examination revealed hyperthermia and pain was observed on abdominal palpation. Ultrasound examination revealed cystic formation and increased echogenicity inside the uterus. The animal underwent ovariohysterectomy (OHE). Macroscopically, the ovaries were multinodular, spherical to ovoid in shape, measuring 6 cm in diameter, and with a dark red color; they exhibited a firm consistency and a hemorrhagic cut surface with cystic areas and foci of necrotic tissue. At microscopic evaluation of both ovaries, the neoplasm consisted of large and polyhedral cells with amphophilic cytoplasm which were arranged in cords separated by connective tissue. The cells exhibited an anaplastic appearance, with central nuclei, large amounts of granular chromatin and one or more evident nucleoli. Several mitotic figures, often incomplete and with consequent formation of multinucleated cells similar to giant cells, were observed. Immunohistochemical detection of cytokeratin and vimentin was performed for further examination. The ovarian tumor exhibited positive staining for cytokeratin and negative staining for vimentin. Discussion: Most ovarian tumors are asymptomatic and many times are considered incidental findings during spaying surgeries. On physical examination, affected animals may show palpable abdominal masses, ascites and systemic signs caused by hormonal disturbances. The macroscopic and microscopic findings seen in this case are in accordance with those found in the literature and confirm the diagnosis of bilateral dysgerminoma and cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra. Dysgerminoma should be differentiated from other neoplasias as lymphosarcoma, solid adenocarcinoma, solid granulosa cell tumor, theca cell tumor and teratoma. Diagnosis is performed by histopathological analysis. Immunohistochemistry can be performed to identify the origin of tumoral cells in order to assist the differential diagnosis for other neoplasias. Even though the immunohistochemical result can be positive for cytokeratin, this is not considered usual for dysgerminomas. The positive result for cytokeratin is related to the anaplastic characteristic of the tumor. Most cases of dysgerminomas are described in older dogs and cats, yet it can develop in younger animals. Dysgerminoma is a tumor that is typically unilateral and is hardly ever found in both ovaries. The rarity with which this neoplasia is observed in bitches can be related to the premature age at which OHE is performed

Diagnóstico anatomopatológico, imuno-histoquímico e biomolecular de um caso de miocardite por Clostridium chauvoei em um bovino

The aim of this study was to report a case of clostridial myocarditis in a bovine in Brazil with emphasis on the pathological findings, isolation and molecular identification associated with the in situ localization of C. chauvoei. The animal, a male Brangus bull with nine months of age, was found dead without prior clinical signs. Multifocal and coalescent areas of necrosis were observed in the myocardium. Rod cells in the cardiac muscle fibers were positive immunostaining for C. chauvoei, while this bacterium was also isolated and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de miocardite clostridial em um bovino no Brasil, com ênfase nos achados patológicos, isolamento e identificação molecular do agente e visualização in situ de C. chauvoei. O animal, um macho da raça Brangus com nove meses de idade, foi encontrado morto sem sinais clínicos prévios. Foram observadas áreas de necrose multifocal e coalescente no miocárdio, com a presença de bastonetes imunomarcados para C. chauvoei nas fibras musculares cardíacas. Uma estirpe de C. chauvoei foi isolada do tecido e sua identidade foi confirmada por reação em cadeia da polimeras (PCR)