Cross-country comparison of the replacement incentives of the EU ETS in 2008-12: the case of the power sector

In this paper, we conduct a cross-country quantitative analysis of the replacement incentives generated by the EU ETS for the power sector in 2008-12. In order to do so, the allocation rules of the Member States are applied to concrete reference power plants for three different fuel types (lignite, hard coal and gas). Based on these calculations, we compare installation-specific replacement in-centives across the Member States. Our analysis shows that replacement incentives vary significantly across Member States and typically deviate from the incentives provided in the reference case of full auctioning. Furthermore, the EU ETS allocation rules lead to perverse incentives in approximately 30% of the possible replacement options. Only 5 MS do not provide any perverse incentives. Finally, we explore the link between replacement incentives and allocation types. Based on our findings, we derive policy recommendations for the design of emission trading schemes emerging around the world. --EU emission trading scheme (EU ETS),replacement,adoption,diffusion,power sector,allocation rules

Cross-country comparison of the replacement incentives of the EU ETS in 2008-12: the case of the power sector

In this paper, we conduct a cross-country quantitative analysis of the replacement incentives generated by the EU ETS for the power sector in 2008-12. In order to do so, the allocation rules of the Member States are applied to concrete reference power plants for three different fuel types (lignite, hard coal and gas). Based on these calculations, we compare installation-specific replacement in-centives across the Member States. Our analysis shows that replacement incentives vary significantly across Member States and typically deviate from the incentives provided in the reference case of full auctioning. Furthermore, the EU ETS allocation rules lead to perverse incentives in approximately 30% of the possible replacement options. Only 5 MS do not provide any perverse incentives. Finally, we explore the link between replacement incentives and allocation types. Based on our findings, we derive policy recommendations for the design of emission trading schemes emerging around the world

How can the development of competences be described?

Kompetenzdiagnostik und auf die Diagnose bezogene Fördermaßnahmen spielen in der derzeitigen Debatte um die Bildungsqualität von Schule eine zentrale Rolle. Forschungsbemühungen in diesem Feld richten sich vor allem auf die theoretische Klärung des Kompetenzbegriffs und die Entwicklung sowie empirische Prüfung von Kompetenz(entwicklungs)modellen. Bisher wenig im Fokus von Forschungsbemühungen steht die prozessbasierte Erfassung der Verläufe der Entwicklung von Kompetenz. Wie also gelangen Lernende zu den jeweils erfassten Kompetenzen? Welche Lernangebote sind im Verlauf (wann) wirkungsvoll und wann nutzlos? Untersuchungen zu Verläufen der Kompetenzentwicklung sind zwar methodisch aufwändig, liefern jedoch Erkenntnisse über Lernwege und Merkmale lernförderlicher (und lernhinderlicher) Fördermaßnahmen. Im Beitrag werden ein aus mehreren Forschungsarbeiten zu Lernprozessen von Schülern abgeleitetes Modell zu Verläufen der Kompetenzentwicklung vorgestellt und Potenziale des Modells sowie Forschungsdesiderata diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.)Theory based descriptions of students\u27 competences of science constitute one major research area in science education. Currently, research addresses theoretical accounts of "competence" and how to measure and model competences students demonstrate at a specific stage of their learning. So far, research only rarely focuses on how in detail students develop their competences. How do students arrive at a particular competence? Which explanation is successful (and when) during the development of a competence, which is not? Researching the development of competence is demanding but reveals knowledge about general learning pathways and criteria of appropriate instruction. The paper presents a model for the description of the development of students\u27 competences in physics developed from empirical investigations on students\u27 learning processes. Potentials and desiderata of this model are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.

Investigations on motion deviations of an EMFC balance

This paper will present experiments to identify the angular misalignment and displacement of the coil movement of a commercial electromagnetic force compensated balance (EMFC) relative to the ideal trajectory. For this purpose the mechanical stability of measurement set-up and the environmental characteristics have to be taken into account. Considering the mass distribution of the moved coil carrier, that is not necessarily symmetric relative to the motion path of the coil carrier, the spring constants regarding torques applied to the coil carrier are important to evaluate the utilized balance. The investigations are performed with different excitation frequencies to evaluate the influence of the resonance behavior of the balance mechanics and the limitations it causes for the usability of the balance. The measured deviations of the balance, planned to be used in the Planck-Balance set-up, depending on position and velocity of the coil will be shown and the effect of the observed deviations on the measurement uncertainty of the mass dissemination will be discussed

Worse prognosis in females with new onset of depression after oral cancer diagnosis: a retrospective case-control study

Background: Sex-related discrepancies in the prognosis of oral cancer patients have not been clarified. This study aimed to assess survival outcomes and potential prognostic factors in female and male patients with oral cancer. Methods: A retrospective search of the TriNetX network (TriNetX, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) was conducted to identify patients diagnosed with oral cancer (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes C02–C06), within the past 20 years from the access date April 21, 2023. Patients were categorized according to sex (female vs. male). Following matching for age and risk factors such as nicotine dependence and alcohol abuse, Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed and risk, odds, and hazard ratios were calculated. Outcome variables were five-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Additionally, the female and male patient cohort were compared with regard to the novel diagnosis of depression (depressive episode, major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder) after the tumor diagnosis. Results: A total of 77,348 patients were assessed. After propensity score matching, 26,578 male and 26,578 female patients were included in each group (mean age 63 years). DFS (71.92% in females vs. 68.29% in males; hazard ratio (HR) 0.870; p < 0.001) and OS (77.08% in females vs. 71.74% in males; HR 0.793; p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the female cohort. However, in patients diagnosed with depression after the initial cancer diagnosis (N = 4,824), survival was worse in female patients compared to male patients (82.48% in females vs. 86.10% in males; HR 1.341; p < 0.001). Conclusion: This retrospective case-control study showed that females with oral cancer had a better DFS and OS than males. However, survival in females with a newly diagnosed depression after the oral cancer diagnosis was worse compared to those of male oral cancer patients. Depression may be a relevant prognostic factor that contributes to sex disparities in oral cancer patients

The Planck-Balance - primary mass metrology for industrial applications

The Planck-Balance is a new weighing instrument, that utilizes the Kibble principle for mass measurements. In contrast to existing Kibble experiments the balance is aimed at applications in industrial or research use. The proposed new definition of the kilogram with a fixed value of the Planck constant will allow primary mass measurements with electrical measurements using the Kibble principle. Two instruments, PB2 and PB1 will be developed in a joint research project of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the Technische Universität Ilmenau, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The aimed measurement range is from 1 mg to 100 g and 1 mg to 1 kg with a relative measurement uncertainty according to E2 and E1 accuracy classes, respectively, as specified in OIML R 111-1. For the determination of the measurement uncertainty a virtual Planck-Balance will be set up, that uses Monte Carlo simulation to determine measurement uncertainties during the measurement process

Quantifying the likelihood of structural models through a dynamically enhanced powder X-ray diffraction protocol

Structurally characterizing new materials is tremendously challenging, especially when single crystal structures are hardly available which is often the case for covalent organic frameworks. Yet, knowledge of the atomic structure is key to establish structure-function relations and enable functional material design. Herein, a new protocol is proposed to unambiguously predict the structure of poorly crystalline materials through a likelihood ordering based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. Key of the procedure is the broad set of structures generated from a limited number of building blocks and topologies, which is submitted to operando structural characterization. The dynamic averaging in the latter accounts for the operando conditions and inherent temporal character of experimental measurements, yielding unparalleled agreement with experimental powder XRD patterns. The proposed concept can hence unquestionably identify the structure of experimentally synthesized materials, a crucial step to design next generation functional materials