SER NEGRA(O) E ASPIRANTE A ETNÓLOGA(O): : NOTAS SOBRE O TRABALHO DE CAMPO COM OS KIRIRI

O presente artigo emergiu da profícua interlocução entre os autores, ao longo da graduação em Ciências Sociais e do trabalho de campo realizado junto ao povo Kiriri, no decorrer dos quais enfrentamos diversos dilemas enquanto jovens pobres e negros advindos do interior, que ingressaram na universidade e iniciaram uma interlocução com os Kiriri. A partir da etnografia que temos produzido e, em certa medida, da nossa autoetnografia, buscamos evidenciar como os marcadores sociais da diferença — gênero, raça, classe, corpo e etc —  atravessam nossos corpos e influenciam a produção etnológica por nós elaborada. Tecer uma discussão a partir de corpos subalternos implica, sem dúvida, em  questionar a maneira pela qual o conhecimento e as escritas etnográficas são construídas. Enfatizamos  a importância das intelectuais, majoritariamente negras, para as análises feitas ao longo do texto, sobretudo defendendo a necessidade dos ditos subalternos serem vistos como produtores de conhecimento e não mais como objetos

Os Kiriri dos “sertões” da Bahia: discutindo documentação, revitalização e políticas linguísticas

Until the middle of the 18th century, Portuguese America was characterised by widespread multilingualism (MATTOS E SILVA, 2004), with Portuguese being one of the many languages spoken, but for a minority of the population. The linguistic policy implemented by the government of D. José I (1750-1777), through the Directory of Indians, determined the use of the Portuguese language as compulsory among the indigenous populations and prohibited the use of the native languages of the various ethnolinguistic groups and the general language(s), which played a crucial role in the glotocide witnessed since the second half of the Seventh Century. In the “sertons” of Bahia, the Kiriri people, through a process of linguistic substitution, stopped speaking their language, Kipeá, and progressively adopted Portuguese as their first language. Based on the Kiriri’s demand for linguistic advice, the Ação Curricular em Comunidade e Sociedade (ACCS) – Educação Diferenciada e Revitalização de Línguas Indígenas – was created at the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), with the objective of discussing the processes of weakening and replacing indigenous languages with the dominant national languages, emphasizing the global sociopolitical and linguistic implications that are involved in this process. Thus, in the present work, we present an account of the experiences of the aforementioned ACCS in the training of the subjects involved in the elaboration and definition of language policies for the Kiriri of the hinterland of Bahia, characterized by the pressing need to carry out a project of linguistic documentation that will serve as a basis for the revitalization of the indigenous language desired and demanded by the community.Até meados do século XVIII, a América portuguesa caracterizava-se por um multilinguismo generalizado (MATTOS E SILVA, 2004), sendo o português uma das diversas línguas faladas e por uma minoria da população. A política linguística implementada pelo governo de D. José I (1750-1777), por meio do Diretório dos índios, determinou o uso da língua portuguesa como obrigatória entre as populações indígenas e proibiu o uso das línguas nativas dos diversos grupos etnolinguísticos e da(s) língua(s) geral(is), o que desempenhou um papel crucial para o glotocídio testemunhado a partir da segunda metade dos Setecentos. Nos “sertões” da Bahia, o povo Kiriri, através de um processo de substituição linguística, deixou de falar sua língua, o Kipeá, e, progressivamente, adotou o português como língua materna. A partir da demanda dos Kiriri por assessoria linguística, foi criada a Ação Curricular em Comunidade e Sociedade (ACCS) – Educação Diferenciada e Revitalização de Línguas Indígenas, na Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), com o objetivo de discutir os processos de enfraquecimento e substituição das línguas indígenas pelas línguas nacionais dominantes, dando ênfase às implicações sociopolíticas globais e linguísticas que estão envolvidas nesse processo. Assim, no presente trabalho, apresentamos um relato das experiências da referida ACCS na formação dos sujeitos envolvidos na elaboração e definição das políticas linguísticas para os Kiriri do sertão baiano, caracterizadas pela premente necessidade de realização de um projeto de documentação linguística que sirva de base para revitalização da língua indígena desejada e demandada pela comunidade

Dwellings, jabuticabas, and affections — trajectories with Sylvia Caiuby Novaes

Sylvia Caiuby Novaes é professora do Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e dedica-se há cerca de 50 anos à pesquisa e ao ensino em antropologia. Entre outras realizações, ela é uma das pioneiras da antropologia visual no Brasil, é fundadora do Laboratório de Imagem e Som da Antropologia (LISA) e editora responsável pela revista Gesto, Imagem e Som. Revista de Antropologia (GIS). Nesta entrevista, realizada por mais de 30 orientandos de diferentes gerações, Sylvia fala sobre sua trajetória, projetos, visão de mundo, suas diversas viagens, o fascínio pelas pesquisas de campo e a universidade. Ao contar sobre sua trajetória acadêmica e pessoal, Sylvia traz reflexões sobre sua relação com a fotografia e a produção de imagens.  Sylvia Caiuby Novaes is a Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of São Paulo (USP) and has been dedicated to research and teaching in anthropology for nearly 50 years. Among other accomplishments, she is one of the pioneers of visual anthropology in Brazil, is the founder of the Laboratory of Image and Sound of Anthropology (LISA) and the editor in charge of the Gesture, Image and Sound.  Journal of Anthropology (GIS). In this interview, conducted by more than 30 advisees from different generations, Sylvia talks about her trajectory, projects, worldview, her various travels, her fascination with field research and the university. When telling about her academic and personal trajectory, Sylvia reflects on her relationship with photography and the production of images

For the spirit to follow its journey: funeral rite, corporality and person among the Kiriri

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo discutir a relação entre rito fúnebre, corporalidade e noção de pessoa entre os Kiriri. Complementarmente, o texto também trata dos invisíveis (mortos e os encantados) e dos estados de adoecimentos (conhecidos como doença de índios) provocados por eles. Os sonhos e o processo de retomada linguística também são tematizados, de modo tangencial. Em resumo, o estudo aborda a morte e a produção da vida, consideradas como polos opostos e simultaneamente relacionais. As etapas e protocolos que compõem o rito fúnebre Kiriri são analisados detidamente, sendo eles entendidos como honraria e obrigação dos vivos para com os mortos, em caso de não observância do ritual mortuário os parentes afins e consanguíneos poderão ser acometidos por estados de adoecimento (doença de índio), expressos através da categoria surrar. As doenças, sejam elas provocadas pelos invisíveis ou não, colocam a condição de pessoa em instabilidade física e ontológica, instalando o princípio da alteridade. Nesse sentido, há uma aproximação entre os sonhos e doenças, pois embora o universo onírico seja um espaço de acesso a perspectivas e conhecimentos, os encontros com diferentes subjetividades nesse espaço são imprevisíveis e perigosos, visto que há sempre a possibilidade de ter aquilo que anima o corpo roubado. A questão do corpo é fundamental para os Kiriri, pois através da produção do corpo fechado (forte) eles conseguem habitar um território compartilhado com invisíveis, dado que há sempre, à espreita, a possibilidade de ser afetado negativamente por distintos agentes cosmológicos, seja por ter infringido um código ético e moral na relação com eles ou por desejo deles em ter para si o espírito do vivente. Deste modo, a noção de pessoa é discutida a partir da questão do corpo e das partes da pessoa (espírito/anjo da guarda) KiririThis dissertation aims to discuss the relationship between funeral rite, corporeality and the notion of person among the Kiriri. Complementarily, the text also deals with the invisible (the dead and the enchanted) and the states of illness (known as the disease of Indians) caused by them. Dreams and the linguistic recovery process are also thematized, in a tangential way. In summary, the study addresses death and the production of life, considered as opposite and simultaneously relational poles. The steps and protocols that make up the Kiriri funeral rite are analyzed in detail, being understood as honor and obligation of the living towards the dead, in case of non-observance of the mortuary ritual, affine and blood relatives may be affected by states of illness (illness of Indian), expressed through the category beating. Illnesses, whether caused by the invisible or not, place the person\'s condition in physical and ontological instability, installing the principle of alterity. In this sense, there is an approximation between dreams and illnesses, because although the dream universe is a space for accessing perspectives and knowledge, encounters with different subjectivities in this space are unpredictable and dangerous, since there is always the possibility of having what animates the stolen body. The issue of the body is fundamental for the Kiriri, because through the production of the closed body (strong) they manage to inhabit a territory shared with the invisible, given that there is always, lurking, the possibility of being negatively affected by different cosmological agents, whether by having infringed an ethical and moral code in the relationship with them or because of their desire to have the spirit of the living being for themselves. Thus, the notion of person is discussed from the point of view of the body and parts of the person (spirit/guardian angel) Kirir

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data