Subfield subcodes of projective Reed-Muller codes

Explicit bases for the subfield subcodes of projective Reed-Muller codes over the projective plane and their duals are obtained. In particular, we provide a formula for the dimension of these codes. For the general case over the projective space, we are able to generalize the necessary tools to deal with this case as well: we obtain a universal Gr\"obner basis for the vanishing ideal of the set of standard representatives of the projective space and we are able to reduce any monomial with respect to this Gr\"obner basis. With respect to the parameters of these codes, by considering subfield subcodes of projective Reed-Muller codes we are able to obtain long linear codes with good parameters over a small finite field

Entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes from subfield subcodes of projective Reed-Solomon codes

We study the subfield subcodes of projective Reed-Solomon codes and their duals: we provide bases for these codes and estimate their parameters. With this knowledge, we can construct symmetric and asymmetric entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes, which in many cases have new or better parameters than the ones available in the literature

Revisando a prevenção da pré-eclâmpsia com aspirina em baixa dose: uma revisão sistemática dos principais estudos randomizados controlados

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of low-dose aspirin in the prevention of preeclampsia in low-risk and high-risk women. We identified randomized clinical trials of the use of low-dose aspirin to prevent preeclampsia through the PUBMED search engine, and through the Cochran Library database. Twenty-two studies met our inclusion criteria, and were divided according to the studied population into 2 groups: trials with women at low risk for preeclampsia and trials with women at high risk. Effects were measured through the incidence of preeclampsia in women taking either placebo or aspirin, in studies where the relative risks and the 95% confidence intervals were calculated for both groups. A total of 33,598 women were studied, comprising 5 trials with 16,700 women at low-risk and 17 trials including 16,898 women at high risk. The incidence of preeclampsia was 3.75% (626/17,700), in the low-risk group, 9.01% (1,524/16,898) in the high-risk group, and 6.40% (2,150/33,598) overall. Low-dose aspirin had no statistically significantly effect on the incidence of preeclampsia in the low-risk group (RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.81-1.11), but had a small beneficial effect in the high-risk group (RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.79-0.96). Therefore, low-dose aspirin is mildly beneficial in terms of reducing the incidence of preeclampsia in women at high risk of developing preeclampsia.Esta revisão busca reúne estudos sobre a eficácia da aspirina em baixas doses na prevenção da pré-eclâmpsia em pacientes de alto e baixo risco. Identificamos estudos clínicos randomizados controlados usando baixas doses de aspirina para prevenir a pré-eclâmpsia, publicados no MEDLINE. Vinte e dois estudos preencheram nossos critérios de inclusão. Dividimos os estudos de acordo com a população estudada em dois grupos: estudos com mulheres de baixo risco para pré-eclâmpsia e estudos com pacientes de alto risco. A principal medida de efeito foi a incidência de pré-eclâmpsia em pacientes que usaram placebo ou aspirina, na qual os riscos relativos e os intervalos de confiança de 95% foram calculados para os grupos de pacientes de baixo e de alto risco para pré-eclâmpsia. Um total de 33.598 pacientes foram estudadas, dentre as quais cinco estudos com 16.700 pacientes de baixo risco e 17 estudos incluindo 16.898 pacientes de alto risco. As incidências de pré-eclâmpsia no geral, no grupo de baixo e no de alto risco foram de 6,40% (2.150/33.598), 3,75% (626/17.700), e 9,01% (1.524/16.898), respectivamente. Baixas doses de aspirina não tiveram efeito estatístico significante na redução da incidência de pré-eclâmpsia em pacientes de baixo risco (RR=0.95, 95%CI = 0.81-1.11), porém apresentaram pequenos benefícios em mulheres de alto risco (RR=0.87, 95%CI=0.79-0.96). Esta análise leva à conclusão de que baixas doses de aspirina têm pequeno efeito na redução da incidência da pré-eclâmpsia em pacientes com alto risco de desenvolver a doença

Selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation of superficial placental anastomoses for the treatment of severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To report our initial institutional experience with fetoscopic laser photocoagulation of placental anastomoses in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome using a 1.0 mm endoscope. METHODS: Between July 2006 and June 2008, 19 monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies complicated by severe TTTS (Quintero stages III and IV) underwent fetoscopic laser therapy. Perinatal data were prospectively collected and compared according to the Quintero stages. RESULTS: Nine patients were classified as stage III and ten as stage IV. The Mean gestational ages at diagnosis and procedure were 20 (range: 17-25) and 22.0 (range: 19.0-26.0) weeks, respectively, with no statistical difference between the two groups. Preterm premature rupture of the membranes occurred in two cases (10.5%), and spontaneous preterm delivery in eight (42.1%). Overall mean gestational age at delivery was 32.1 (range: 26.0-38.0) weeks. Prematurity was more severe in stage IV patients (p<0.01). Among all cases, the overall survival rate was 52.6%, and the percentages of pregnancies with survival of both babies and at least one twin were 26.3% and 78.9%, respectively. In the case of stage III patients, the overall survival rate was 61.1%. Of the stage III pregnancies, 33.3% resulted in both babies surviving, and 88.9% of these pregnancies resulted in at least one surviving twin. For stage IV, as the corresponding statistics were 45.0%, 20.0% and 70.0% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial institutional experience with 1.0 mm fetoscopic laser therapy for severe TTTS showed results similar to those reported in the literature for larger endoscopes

Diferentes índices volumétricos dos pulmões de fetos com hérnia diafragmática congênita avaliados pela ultrassonografi a tridimensional

Objetivo: avaliar o potencial das diferentes índices volumétricos de pulmões de fetoscom hérnia diafragmática congênita isolada (HDC) medidos pela ultrassonografi a tridimensional(US-3D) para predizer o resultado perinatal. Forma de estudo: Cinquenta e cinco fetos apresentandoHDC foram avaliados prospectivamente pela US-3D entre janeiro de 2002 e maio de2007. Os volumes pulmonares foram calculados pelo método rotacional na ultrassonografi atridimensional nos fetos com HDC (volumes observados) e comparados com aqueles descritospreviamente em fetos normais (volumes esperados para determinada idade gestacional). Asrelações entre volumes pulmonares observados/esperados total (VPT), contralateral (VPC) eipsilateral (VPI) foram calculadas, assim como a relação entre o volume pulmonar fetal total eo peso fetal estimado (VP/PF). Estas relações pulmonares foram comparadas com os resultadosperinatais. Resultados: Óbitos perinatais ocorreram em 31 das 55 crianças (56,4%), HPgrave em 37 de 55 lactentes (67,3%) e de HAP em 38 de 54 (excluindo uma morte no útero)de neonatos (70,4%). HP grave e HAP ocorreram simultaneamente em 35 (63,0%) de 54crianças. Boas correlações entre todas as relações volumétricas do pulmão foram observadas;as relações VPT, VPC e VP/PF correlacionaram estatisticamente com óbitos perintais; VPT,VPI e VP/PF com o diagnóstico de HP grave; enquanto apenas VPT correlacionou-se com odiagnóstico pós-natal de HAP. As precisões do VPT, VPC, VPI e VP/PF em predizer óbitosperinatais foram 83,6%, 72,7%, 67,3% e 76,4%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O VPT medidopelos US-3D apresenta maior precisão em predizer óbito perinatal, uma vez que está associadoao diagnóstico pós-natal de HP e HAP.Objective: To evaluate the potential of different lung measurements using threedimensionalultrasonography (3DUS) to predict perinatal outcome in cases of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Study design: Fifty-five fetuses presenting isolated CDH were prospectively evaluated by 3DUS between January 2002 and May 2007. Observed/expectedtotal, contralateral and ipsilateral fetal lung volume ratios TFLV, CFLV and IFLV, respectively) were calculated using the VOCALTM technique and ultrassonographic fetal total lung volume to body weight ratio (US-FLW). These lung measurements were compared to one another and to perinatal outcomes: perinatal deaths, severe pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Results: Perinatal death occurred in 31 of 55 infants (56.4%), severe PH in 37 of 55 infants (67.3%) and PAH in 38 of 54 (excluding one death in utero) of neonates (70.4%). Severe PH and PAH occurred simultaneously in 35 (63.0%) of 54 infants. Good correlations between all lung volumetric ratios were observed. O/e-TotFLV, o/e-ContFLVand US-FLW correlated statistically with perinatal deaths; o/e-TotFLV, o/e-IpsiFLV and USFLWwith postnatal diagnosis of severe PH; while only o/e-TotFLH correlated statistically with postnatal diagnosis of PAH. The accuracies of o/e-TotFLV, o/e-ContFLV, o/e-IpsiFLV andUS-FLW in predicting perinatal deaths were 83.6%, 72.7%, 67.3% and 76.4%, respectively. Conclusion: O/e-TotFLV using 3D-US appeared to be the most accurate predictor of perinatal deaths as it can predict both PH and PAH

«Entonces usted niega ¿no? ¿O que no se acuerda?»: Quantitative study of types of questions used in Spanish judicial examinations

Esta investigación se centra en analizar los tipos de preguntas utilizadas en interrogatorios judiciales españoles. Para ello, se han analizado dos corpus de juicios orales celebrados en dos zonas geográficamente dispares de España: Almería y Barcelona. En el presente artículo se argumenta, con datos estadísticos, el frecuente uso de enunciados con fines interrogativos cuya entonación responde a patrones prototípicos aseverativos; esta tipología presenta mayores índices de frecuencia en el corpus recogido en Almería (43.9%) que en el de Barcelona (23.7%).The aim of this research is to analyze the types of questions used in Spanish judicial interrogation. For this, two corpus of oral trials taken place in two geographically different areas of Spain have been analyzed: Almería and Barcelona. The present article argues, with statistics data, the frequent use of sentences with interrogative intentions whose intonation is prototypical assertive patterns; this type has higher rates in the corpus collected in Almería (43.9%) than in Barcelona (23.7%)