Identificação e Caracterização de metabólitos de sulfaquinoxalina

A presença de resíduos de medicamentos antibacterianos em alimentos é um importante problema de saúde pública. Estas substâncias podem estar presentes nos alimentos em níveis inaceitáveis como resultados de práticas produtivas inadequadas. Devido a estas preocupações, são estabelecidos limites máximos de resíduos para estas substâncias (LMRs). No caso das sulfonamidas, este valor de LMR refere-se à soma do princípio ativo e de todos seus metabólitos. Neste trabalho, identificam-se e caracterizam-se metabólitos de sulfaquinoxalina (SQX) em diversas espécies animais. Dentro do processo investigativo, foram realizados estudos comparativos de métodos de extração, processos de validação e determinação de efeito de matriz. Foi elaborado e proposto um modelo para a priorização de fármacos baseado em análise de risco e discutiu-se o panorama atual da presença de resíduos de sulfonamidas em amostras ambientais. A investigação da formação de metabólitos de SQX in vitro e in vivo levaram à identificação de três compostos, dois deles ainda não descritos na literatura: N4-acetil-SQX, SQX-OH e N4-acetil-SQX-OH. O perfil de formação destes compostos em diversas espécies animais foi analisado e discutido.The presence of antibacterial drugs residues in food is an important public health issue. These substances can be present in food at unacceptable levels due to inappropriate veterinary practices. Because of that, maximum residue levels (MRL) are established for these compounds. In the sulfonamide drugs case, this value corresponds to the sum of parent drug and their metabolites. In the present work, sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) metabolites were identified and characterized in several animal species. Inside that investigation process, several studies were developed about extraction methods, validation processes and matrix effects determination. A model for drugs residues prioritization based on risk analysis was proposed. Also, the state-of-art of sulfonamides residues analysis in environmental samples was discussed. The in vivo and in vitro investigation of SQX metabolites formation lead us to the identification of 3 compounds, 2 of them previously unreported: N4-acetyl-SQX, SQX-OH and N4-acetyl-SQX-OH. The formation profile of these compounds in several animal species was analyzed and discussed

Análise de resíduos de sulfonamidas em alimentos por eletroforese capilar e espectrometria de massas

O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento e validação de um método analítico preciso, rápido, simples e de baixo custo para o monitoramento de resíduos de sulfonamidas em alimentos, que fosse capaz de ser aplicado a um grande número de amostras de distintas matrizes e que fornecesse dados quantitativos e confirmatórios da possível presença desta classe de fármacos em alimentos. O trabalho foi realizado em quatro fases distintas. A fase I consistiu na tabulação e estudo de todas as apresentações de sulfonamidas disponíveis no mercado de produtos de uso veterinário no Brasil. Da análise farmacológica e farmacotécnica deste universo, delineou-se uma abordagem para prioritização para sulfas que podem, potencialmente, permanecerem como resíduos em alimentos destinados ao consumo humano. Na fase II, desenvolveu-se um protocolo de extração, purificação e concentração de sulfonamidas a partir de matrizes de origem animal - carne, pescado e leite. Distintas abordagens analíticas foram testadas e comparadas quanto à rapidez, recuperação de analito, repetibilidade e custo. A fase III tratou do desenvolvimento de um método de análise por eletroforese capilar com detecção por fluorescência induzida a laser para análise qualitativa e quantitativa de sulfonamidas. Na fase IV, desenvolveu-se um método confirmatório para a presença de sulfas em alimentos utilizando a espectrometria de massas acoplada à cromatografia líquida. O método confirmatório foi validado de acordo com a Diretiva da Comunidade Européia EC/657/2002, que estabelece os critérios mínimos de desempenho para métodos de análise de resíduos de drogas veterinárias em alimentos. Amostras de alimentos de origem animal contendo níveis de sulfonamidas acima de 10 ng g-1 puderam ser analisadas, quantificadas e confirmadas através da aplicação do método desenvolvido.The aim of this work is the development of a precise, fast, simple and low cost analytical method for sulfonamide residues in food, which were able to be applied to a large number of samples of different matrices and to provide quantitative data and confirm the possible presence of this class of drugs in food. In the initial approach of the work, all veterinary medicines containing sulfonamides available in the Brazilian market were evaluated to propose a new approach for risk assessment to prioritisation of sulfonamides that have the potential to remain as residues in food and in the environment. After, protocols for extraction, purification and concentration of sulfonamides from matrices of animal origin were developed. Different analytical approaches were tested and compared on the speed, recovery of analyte, repeatability and cost. In the next stage, a method based on analysis by capillary electrophoresis with detection by laser induced fluorescence was developed to allow qualitative screening of sulfonamide residues. Finally, a confirmatory method was developed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The method was validated according to the European Community Decision EC/657/2002 which established the minimum performance criteria for methods of analysis of veterinary drugs residues in food. Food sample containing levels of sulfonamides up to 10 ng g-1 could be analyzed, quantified and confirmed using the method developed

Análise de resíduos de sulfonamidas em alimentos por eletroforese capilar e espectrometria de massas

O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento e validação de um método analítico preciso, rápido, simples e de baixo custo para o monitoramento de resíduos de sulfonamidas em alimentos, que fosse capaz de ser aplicado a um grande número de amostras de distintas matrizes e que fornecesse dados quantitativos e confirmatórios da possível presença desta classe de fármacos em alimentos. O trabalho foi realizado em quatro fases distintas. A fase I consistiu na tabulação e estudo de todas as apresentações de sulfonamidas disponíveis no mercado de produtos de uso veterinário no Brasil. Da análise farmacológica e farmacotécnica deste universo, delineou-se uma abordagem para prioritização para sulfas que podem, potencialmente, permanecerem como resíduos em alimentos destinados ao consumo humano. Na fase II, desenvolveu-se um protocolo de extração, purificação e concentração de sulfonamidas a partir de matrizes de origem animal - carne, pescado e leite. Distintas abordagens analíticas foram testadas e comparadas quanto à rapidez, recuperação de analito, repetibilidade e custo. A fase III tratou do desenvolvimento de um método de análise por eletroforese capilar com detecção por fluorescência induzida a laser para análise qualitativa e quantitativa de sulfonamidas. Na fase IV, desenvolveu-se um método confirmatório para a presença de sulfas em alimentos utilizando a espectrometria de massas acoplada à cromatografia líquida. O método confirmatório foi validado de acordo com a Diretiva da Comunidade Européia EC/657/2002, que estabelece os critérios mínimos de desempenho para métodos de análise de resíduos de drogas veterinárias em alimentos. Amostras de alimentos de origem animal contendo níveis de sulfonamidas acima de 10 ng g-1 puderam ser analisadas, quantificadas e confirmadas através da aplicação do método desenvolvido.The aim of this work is the development of a precise, fast, simple and low cost analytical method for sulfonamide residues in food, which were able to be applied to a large number of samples of different matrices and to provide quantitative data and confirm the possible presence of this class of drugs in food. In the initial approach of the work, all veterinary medicines containing sulfonamides available in the Brazilian market were evaluated to propose a new approach for risk assessment to prioritisation of sulfonamides that have the potential to remain as residues in food and in the environment. After, protocols for extraction, purification and concentration of sulfonamides from matrices of animal origin were developed. Different analytical approaches were tested and compared on the speed, recovery of analyte, repeatability and cost. In the next stage, a method based on analysis by capillary electrophoresis with detection by laser induced fluorescence was developed to allow qualitative screening of sulfonamide residues. Finally, a confirmatory method was developed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The method was validated according to the European Community Decision EC/657/2002 which established the minimum performance criteria for methods of analysis of veterinary drugs residues in food. Food sample containing levels of sulfonamides up to 10 ng g-1 could be analyzed, quantified and confirmed using the method developed

Identificação e Caracterização de metabólitos de sulfaquinoxalina

A presença de resíduos de medicamentos antibacterianos em alimentos é um importante problema de saúde pública. Estas substâncias podem estar presentes nos alimentos em níveis inaceitáveis como resultados de práticas produtivas inadequadas. Devido a estas preocupações, são estabelecidos limites máximos de resíduos para estas substâncias (LMRs). No caso das sulfonamidas, este valor de LMR refere-se à soma do princípio ativo e de todos seus metabólitos. Neste trabalho, identificam-se e caracterizam-se metabólitos de sulfaquinoxalina (SQX) em diversas espécies animais. Dentro do processo investigativo, foram realizados estudos comparativos de métodos de extração, processos de validação e determinação de efeito de matriz. Foi elaborado e proposto um modelo para a priorização de fármacos baseado em análise de risco e discutiu-se o panorama atual da presença de resíduos de sulfonamidas em amostras ambientais. A investigação da formação de metabólitos de SQX in vitro e in vivo levaram à identificação de três compostos, dois deles ainda não descritos na literatura: N4-acetil-SQX, SQX-OH e N4-acetil-SQX-OH. O perfil de formação destes compostos em diversas espécies animais foi analisado e discutido.The presence of antibacterial drugs residues in food is an important public health issue. These substances can be present in food at unacceptable levels due to inappropriate veterinary practices. Because of that, maximum residue levels (MRL) are established for these compounds. In the sulfonamide drugs case, this value corresponds to the sum of parent drug and their metabolites. In the present work, sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) metabolites were identified and characterized in several animal species. Inside that investigation process, several studies were developed about extraction methods, validation processes and matrix effects determination. A model for drugs residues prioritization based on risk analysis was proposed. Also, the state-of-art of sulfonamides residues analysis in environmental samples was discussed. The in vivo and in vitro investigation of SQX metabolites formation lead us to the identification of 3 compounds, 2 of them previously unreported: N4-acetyl-SQX, SQX-OH and N4-acetyl-SQX-OH. The formation profile of these compounds in several animal species was analyzed and discussed

Determination of avermectin and milbemycin residues in bovine muscle by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection using solvent extraction and low temperature cleanup

AbstractA simple and inexpensive sample preparation method based on solvent extraction, followed by low temperature cleanup, was demonstrated to be applicable for the determination of avermectin and milbemycin residues in bovine muscle by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography with fluorescence (LC-FL) detection. The analytical methodology was validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, using LC-MS/MS for confirmatory and LC-FL for quantitative purposes. Mean recovery was between 88.9 and 100.7% in three distinct concentrations. The coefficient of variation for repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility ranged from 0.78 to 5.1% and from 0.28 to 9.0%, respectively. Method precision led to satisfactory values of decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ). The proposed method has been applied in the Brazilian National Residue Control Plan since 2010 for the determination of avermectins and milbemycin residues in bovine muscle samples. A total of 760 samples were analyzed and none of them presented residues at concentrations above the permitted levels established by the more recently applied directives

Sample stacking in CZE using dynamic thermal junctions I. Analytes with low dpK(a)/dT crossing a single thermally induced pH junction in a BGE with high dpH/dT

The possibility to compress analyte bands at the beginning of CE runs has many advantages. Analytes at low concentration can be analyzed with high signal-to-noise ratios by using the so-called sample stacking methods. Moreover, sample injections with very narrow initial band widths (small initial standard deviations) are sometimes useful, especially if high resolutions among the bands are required in the shortest run time. In the present work, a method of sample stacking is proposed and demonstrated. It is based on BGEs with high thermal sensitive pHs (high dpH/dT) and analytes with low dpK(a)/dT. High thermal sensitivity means that the working pK(a) of the BGE has a high dpK(a)/dT in modulus. For instance, Tris and Ethanolamine have dpH/dT = -0.028/degrees C and -0.029/degrees C, respectively, whereas carboxylic acids have low dpK(a)/dT values, i.e. in the -0.002/degrees C to+0.002/degrees C range. The action of cooling and heating sections along the capillary during the runs affects also the local viscosity, conductivity, and electric field strength. The effect of these variables on electrophoretic velocity and band compression is theoretically calculated using a simple model. Finally, this stacking method was demonstrated for amino acids derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and fluorescamine using a temperature difference of 70 degrees C between two neighbor sections and Tris as separation buffer. In this case, the BGE has a high pH thermal coefficient whereas the carboxylic groups of the analytes have low pK(a) thermal coefficients. The application of these dynamic thermal gradients increased peak height by a factor of two (and decreased the standard deviations of peaks by a factor of two) of aspartic acid and glutamic acid derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and serine derivatized with fluorescamine. The effect of thermal compression of bands was not observed when runs were accomplished using phosphate buffer at pH 7 (negative control). Phosphate has a low dpH/dT in this pH range, similar to the dK(a)/dT of analytes. It is shown that vertical bar dK(a)/dT-dpH/dT vertical bar >> 0 is one determinant factor to have significant stacking produced by dynamic thermal junctions

Sample stacking in CZE using dynamic thermal junctions II: Analytes with high dpK(a)/dT crossing a single thermal junction in a BGE with low dpH/dT

In a previous work [M. Mandaji, et al., this issue] a sample stacking method was theoretically modeled and experimentally demonstrated for analytes with low dpK(a)/dT (analytes carrying carboxylic groups) and BGEs with high dpH/dT (high pH-temperature-coefficients). In that work, buffer pH was modulated with temperature, inducing electrophoretic mobility changes in the analytes. In the present work, the opposite conditions are studied and tested, i.e. analytes with high dpK(a)/dT and BGEs that exhibit low dpH/dT. It is well known that organic bases such as amines, imidazoles, and benzimidazoles exhibit high dpK(a)/dT. Temperature variations induce instantaneous changes on the basicity of these and other basic groups. Therefore, the electrophoretic velocity of some analytes changes abruptly when temperature variations are applied along the capillary. This is true only if BGE pH remains constant or if it changes in the opposite direction of pK(a) of the analyte. The presence of hot and cold sections along the capillary also affects local viscosity, conductivity, and electric field strength. The effect of these variables on electrophoretic velocity and band stacking efficacy was also taken into account in the theoretical model presented. Finally, this stacking method is demonstrated for lysine partially derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde. In this case, the amino group of the lateral chain was left underivatized and only the alpha amino group was derivatized. Therefore, the basicity of the lateral amino group, and consequently the electrophoretic mobility, was modulated with temperature while the pH of the buffer used remained unchanged.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvirnento Cientifico e Tecnologico

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SIMPLE AND FAST METHOD FOR SULFONAMIDES, TETRACYCLINES AND MACROLIDES IN HONEY USING LC-MS/MS

Antibacterial are widely used in veterinary applications for diseases treatment and prophilatic purposes. Inadequate uses of these drugs can lead of undesirable residues in honey for consumption. In Brazil, the legal authorities set a maximum residue limit (MRL) for different compound in honey, ranging from 10 to 20 ng ml-1. The monitoring of antibacterials is a concern, since it constitutes a risk to human health and collaborates with the growth of resistant bacteria. Brazil has the National Residue Control Plan (NRCP) to ensure that the products traded are compliant with the safety and quality criteria required by consumers. The goal of this work was to develop and validate a method suitable to determine sulfonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides in honey, using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The main objective was to develop an efficient technique, combining simplicity, speed and low cost, since the method will be employed in routine analysis. Recoveries between 36 to 139% were obtained. Good linearity (r2) above 0.95, considering three different days, for all drugs was achieved in concentrations ranging from 0 to 200% of the MRL. Intraday and inter-day precision with CV% (n=6) lower than 18%, in agreement with specifications were obtained in concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 MRL, except for erythromycin. Accuracy was between 97 to 108%. Limits of quantitation for macrolides were 2.5 ng g-1and for sulfonamides and tetracyclines were 5 ng g-1. Decision limit (CCα) was evaluated and the results obtained were between 12.9 to 28.1 ng g-1. The detection capability (CCβ) obtained was between 15.8 to 36.3 ng g-1. The proposed method demonstrated to be suitable for this intended purpose and will contribute to antibacterial honey monitoring