El género Amanita Pers. ex Hooker en la provincia de León

Twenty three taxa of genus Amanita in León province (NW Spain) are quoted. An identification key of all these taxa is provided, as well as their provincial distribution, ecology and their relation with the vegetation series.Se citan 23 taxa del género Amanita en la provincia de León (Noroeste de España). Se acompaña una clave para su determinación, su distribución provincial, ecología, así como su relación con las series de vegetación

Lupus en Argentina. Pacientes no respondedores al tratamiento estándar y belimumab como posible opción. Datos del registro RELESSAR

Introducción: el lupus es una enfermedad compleja y varias veces de difícil abordaje. Alcanzar la remisión es uno de los objetivos, incorporando opciones terapéuticas. Objetivos: describir las características generales de los pacientes según el estado de la enfermedad y el uso de belimumab. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal, registro RELESSAR. Se definió el estado de la enfermedad como: remisión: SLEDAI=0 y sin corticoides; baja actividad de la enfermedad: SLEDAI >0 y ≤4 y sin corticoides; control no óptimo: SLEDAI >4 y cualquier dosis de corticoides. Resultados: se incluyeron 1.277 pacientes, 23,4% en remisión, 12,6% en baja actividad y 63,8% con control no óptimo. En este último grupo eran más jóvenes y con menor duración de la enfermedad; presentaban mayores índices de actividad y cronicidad, y mayor empleo de inmunosupresores. Solo el 22,3% de los pacientes con criterio potencial de uso de belimumab (lupus eritematoso sistémico activo a pesar del tratamiento estándar) lo recibía en ese momento. Las variables asociadas a hospitalizaciones fueron: terapia con corticoides, ciclofosfamida y mayor SLICC. Conclusiones: se refleja la complejidad del manejo de estos pacientes y se visualizan aspectos estructurales como la desigualdad. El uso del belimumab resultaría beneficioso en los pacientes seleccionados

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Infected pancreatic necrosis: outcomes and clinical predictors of mortality. A post hoc analysis of the MANCTRA-1 international study

: The identification of high-risk patients in the early stages of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is critical, because it could help the clinicians to adopt more effective management strategies. We conducted a post hoc analysis of the MANCTRA-1 international study to assess the association between clinical risk factors and mortality among adult patients with IPN. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify prognostic factors of mortality. We identified 247 consecutive patients with IPN hospitalised between January 2019 and December 2020. History of uncontrolled arterial hypertension (p = 0.032; 95% CI 1.135-15.882; aOR 4.245), qSOFA (p = 0.005; 95% CI 1.359-5.879; aOR 2.828), renal failure (p = 0.022; 95% CI 1.138-5.442; aOR 2.489), and haemodynamic failure (p = 0.018; 95% CI 1.184-5.978; aOR 2.661), were identified as independent predictors of mortality in IPN patients. Cholangitis (p = 0.003; 95% CI 1.598-9.930; aOR 3.983), abdominal compartment syndrome (p = 0.032; 95% CI 1.090-6.967; aOR 2.735), and gastrointestinal/intra-abdominal bleeding (p = 0.009; 95% CI 1.286-5.712; aOR 2.710) were independently associated with the risk of mortality. Upfront open surgical necrosectomy was strongly associated with the risk of mortality (p < 0.001; 95% CI 1.912-7.442; aOR 3.772), whereas endoscopic drainage of pancreatic necrosis (p = 0.018; 95% CI 0.138-0.834; aOR 0.339) and enteral nutrition (p = 0.003; 95% CI 0.143-0.716; aOR 0.320) were found as protective factors. Organ failure, acute cholangitis, and upfront open surgical necrosectomy were the most significant predictors of mortality. Our study confirmed that, even in a subgroup of particularly ill patients such as those with IPN, upfront open surgery should be avoided as much as possible. Study protocol registered in ClinicalTrials.Gov (I.D. Number NCT04747990)

Tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Chloride Ionic Liquid for Surfactant-Enhanced Oil Recovery

The promising properties of surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs) make these salts interesting candidates for the optimization of surfactant-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. The tests that should be performed at the laboratory scale before a SAIL is proposed for EOR were carried out with tributyl­(tetradecyl)­phosphonium chloride ([P_{4 4 4 14}]­Cl). The phase diagrams with water and <i>n</i>-dodecane showed that the affinity of the surfactant for water is greater than that for oil, even in the presence of a high salt content. The advantage of the use of Winsor type I microemulsions in EOR is the low phase trapping/adsorption. A formulation consisting of 4000 ppm [P_{4 4 4 14}]­Cl, 4 wt % NaCl, and 5000 ppm NaOH was able to reduce the interfacial tension between water and Saharan crude oil from 19.2 to 0.1 mN·m^–1. Core-flooding experiments were carried out at room temperature and an injection rate of 2 mL/min, mimicking enhanced oil recovery with brine solutions of SAIL, NaOH, and the optimized formulation combining the two chemicals. The injection of the proposed formulation, after flooding with brine, led to an additional recovery of about 8% of the original oil in place

Dinámica de la biomasa aérea derivada de un programa de reforestación en San Luis Potosí

determinó el impacto del programa de reforestación ejecutado por la Comisión Nacional Forestal en la Unidad de Manejo Forestal 2404. Para realizar este análisis se calculó la diferencia en la cantidad de biomasa aérea existente en el año 2000, 2010 y el 2015. Para la biomasa se desarrolló un modelo que relaciona la información de imágenes de satélite con la obtenida en campo. Se utilizaron imágenes Landsat 5 TM para los años 2000 y 2010 y Landsat 8 OLI para 2015. En ellas se generó el Índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI). Posteriormente se estimó la cantidad de biomasa de las especies registradas en 44 conglomerados del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos empleando ecuaciones alométricas. Para determinar la relación entre los datos obtenidos entre ambos métodos se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (0.69, 0.65 y 0.64, para 2000, 2010 y 2015, respectivamente). Con estos datos se probaron tres tipos de modelos: lineal, exponencial y polinomial de segundo orden para cada año, seleccionando el modelo polinomial para modelar la biomasa en los tres años. Con la aplicación del modelo en los mosaicos de imágenes en los tres periodos, se obtuvo que de 2000 a 2015 hubo un incremento importante tanto en la cantidad de biomasa como en el área con vegetación. Se concluye que el programa de reforestación si ha tenido impacto positivo en la zona de estudio

Structural Analysis and Conduction Mechanisms in Polycrystalline Zinc Hydroxide Nitrate

The conduction and dielectric properties in zinc hydroxide nitrate (Z₅HN) were studied in detail as a function of the temperature and relative humidity by impedance spectroscopy, and the structure was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Elemental analysis indicated a layered material containing carbonate anions [Zn₅(OH)₈(NO₃)_1.6(CO₃)_0.2·1.7H₂O] due to the high capability of adsorption of Z₅HN, which makes this material appropriate for applications in real conditions. The water content affected the interlayer distance, conductivity, and dielectric response of the layered material. An electrostatic repulsive interaction after reduction of the water content as a function of the temperature causes an increase of the interlayer distance and a decrease in the conductivity response and dielectric behavior. The highest conductivity, 10^–7 Ω^–1 cm^–1, was obtained at a shorter interlayer distance for the sample heat-treated at 25 °C. The Z₅HN synthesized was also characterized at different temperatures using thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Multipeak analysis of the XRD patterns at various relative humidity levels showed the formation of a most hydrated phase and an increase of the interlayer distance related with the adsorption of water molecules. This layered material presented a conductivity of 10^–5 Ω^–1 cm^–1 at high relative humidity (92%). The dipole–dipole interaction appeared to be the dominant mechanism for the dielectric behavior at the lowest temperatures and highest humidity due to the high water content in the Z₅HN structure. Taking into account its crystallization water and high adsorption of water molecules in the interlayer region, a conduction pathway in the Z₅HN structure was proposed, which provides the route for proton transport by hydrogen-bonding networks on the basis of a Grotthuss-type mechanism in facilitating the long-range proton hopping at 25 °C. The results for high relative humidity imply that a vehicular conduction mechanism also may contribute to the electrical response

Effect of Pressure on the Azeotrope of the Mixture Isoamyl Acetate–Isoamyl Alcohol at 50.00, 101.32, 250.00, and 350.00 kPa

In this work the phase equilibrium data for the mixture isoamyl acetate (iAAc) + isoamyl alcohol (iAA) at pressures of 50.00, 101.32, 250.00, and 350.00 kPa in a dynamic recirculation cell (Fischer Labodest VLE model 602) were measured. The existence of a minimum boiling point azeotrope and the effect of the pressure on the azeotropic composition were determined. The data obtained experimentally were evaluated by means of a thermodynamic consistency analysis to validate the data quality and to use it in data regression to obtain the adjusted <i>a_ij</i> parameters for the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model at each system pressure. Finally, a pressure swing distillation separation scheme is proposed. The main operating conditions of this separation alternative are defined by simulations in the Aspen Plus software platform in order to obtain high-purity components