Socio-demographic patterns of public, private and active travel in Latin America: cross-sectional findings from the ELANS study

Background: Active travel such as walking or cycling has been associated with more favorable health outcomes. However, evidence on patterns of transportation in Latin America is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify and characterise socio-demographic patterns of public, private and active travel in Latin American countries. Methods: Data from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health, a population-based, cross-sectional survey conducted in eight Latin American countries including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela (n = 9218; age range: 15–65 years). Transportation modes include public (bus, taxi, subway and train), private (car and motorcycle) and active (walking and/or cycling). Outcomes for this study include time spent in different modes of transportation. We performed overall and country-specific descriptive analyses to examine differences by sex, age, socioeconomic and education level. Results: For the overall cohort, public transport represent 34.9% of the total travel time, whereas private, walking and cycling represent 48.2%, 10.6% and 6.3% of the total travel time. Time spent using public travel was highest in Venezuela (48.4%); Peru had the highest proportions of private travel (52.5%); Time spent walking and cycling was highest in Costa Rica (14.8% and 12.2%, respectively). The average travel time spent in public and private transport were 299.5 min/week (95% CI: 292.4307.0) and 379.6 min/week (95% CI: 368.0, 391.5) respectively; figures for walking and cycling were 186.9 min/week (95% CI: 181.8, 191.9) and 201.1 min/week (95% CI: 187.8, 216.9). Conclusions: Public and private transport were the most common forms of travel in Latin America. Active travel (walking or cycling) represent 17% of total physical activity, therefore, promoting and providing the right infrastructure for active commuting could translate in increasing the population overall levels of physical activity in Latin America

Fluoride Consumption and Its Impact on Oral Health

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate caries and dental fluorosis among Mexican preschoolers and school-aged children in a non-endemic zone for fluorosis and to measure its biological indicators. Methods. DMFT, DMFS, dmft, dmfs, and CDI indexes were applied. Fluoride urinary excretion and fluoride concentrations in home water, table salt, bottled water, bottled drinks, and toothpaste were determined. Results. Schoolchildren presented fluorosis (CDI = 0.96) and dental caries (DMFT = 2.64 and DMFS = 3.97). Preschoolers presented dmft = 4.85 and dmfs = 8.80. DMFT and DMFS were lower in children with mild to moderate dental fluorosis (DF). Variable fluoride concentrations were found in the analyzed products (home water = 0.18–0.44 ppm F, table salt = 0–485 ppm F, bottled water = 0.18–0.47 ppm F, juices = 0.08–1.42 ppm F, nectars = 0.07–1.30 ppm F, bottled drinks = 0.10–1.70 ppm F, toothpaste = 0–2,053 ppm F). Mean daily fluoride excretion was 422 ± 176 µg/24 h for schoolchildren and 367 ± 150 µg/24 h for preschoolers. Conclusions. Data from our study show that, despite values of excretion within an optimal fluoride intake range, the prevalence of caries was significant in both groups, and 60% of the 11- to 12-year-old children presented with dental fluorosis. In addition, variable fluoride concentrations in products frequently consumed by children were found

Actas del V Congreso ISUF-H Costa Rica 2021: Ciudades espontáneas versus ciudades planificadas: distintos retos, distintas realidades

En el año 2021 celebramos en Costa Rica la V edición del Congreso ISUF-H, los días 1, 2 y 3 de diciembre, con la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Costa Rica como anfitriona del evento. El congreso “Ciudades espontáneas versus ciudades planificadas: distintos retos, distintas realidades” propuso como eje central una reflexión crítica sobre los procesos de urbanización planificada y urbanización espontánea, en el cual se fomente un abordaje de las ciudades como expresión de organización social, económica, ambiental y cultural, enfatizando el carácter ideológico de la urbanización y subrayando su continua construcción como resultado de construcciones complejas. La celebración de un nuevo congreso en América Latina, permitió reforzar la tradición crítica en el abordaje de las ciudades, y reforzar también la necesidad de plantear una perspectiva latinoamericana de los estudios urbanos, y por consiguiente de una teoría urbana latinoamericana. En esta ocasión el congreso se centró en ahondar en la temática de la forma urbana, desde perspectivas transversales que involucren las amplias disciplinas que asumen como objeto de discusión las problemáticas de la ciudad contemporánea y cuestionan la dicotomía planteada entre lo espontáneo y lo planificado. Para la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Costa Rica y su Laboratorio de Ciudad y Territorio es un honor haber podido llevar a cabo esta nueva edición del congreso de la Asociación ISUF-H como segunda sede en un país latinoamericano. Relevante para fortalecer la temática de la forma urbana en la región, reforzando alianzas y estableciendo nuevas redes que permitan compartir conocimientos a partir de las experiencias de esas diversidades urbanas. Auspiciar el debate en torno a la morfología urbana y las diferencias entre esas ciudades espontáneas y las planificadas, fue una oportunidad para reunir a expertos de las distintas latitudes hispánicas.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ingeniería::Facultad de Ingeniería::Escuela de Arquitectur

Mis casos clínicos de especialidades odontológicas

Libro que muestra la atención de casos clínicos particulares referente a las diferentes especialidades odontológicasLibro que muestra la atención de casos clínicos particulares referente a las diferentes especialidades odontológicasUniversidad Autónoma de Campeche Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Innovación del Diseño para el Desarrollo Social

Una labor de síntesis alrededor de la gran temática de este libro que surge a partir de una serie de reflexiones y propuestas encaminadas desde la innovación del diseño para el desarrollo social, refleja una invitación al lector para enunciar a partir de su lectura nuevas discusiones sobre el quehacer del diseño con una perspectiva de innovación para este tipo de desarrollo, es pues este texto una invitación a enunciar nuevos retos y diálogos partiendo de reconocer al desarrollo social como uno de los pilares fundamentales desde la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) como parte fundamental para garantizar el mejoramiento de la vida de las personas. Desde la disciplina del diseño y retomado como eje para su discusión se pretendería establecer una serie de reflexiones y acciones que permitan atender situaciones para grupos minoritarios y vulnerables, así como apoyar esfuerzos encaminados a mejorar la calidad de vida de los integrantes de grupos y sociedades establecidas y recuperar el patrimonio cultural como parte fundamental de las identidades culturales y por tanto de la historia de la humanidad.A lo largo de la historia, el diseño, en cualquiera de sus manifestaciones, ha estado presente en todos los ámbitos. Se ha convertido en una disciplina que evoluciona al ritmo de las sociedades, que se pone al servicio de las necesidades de mercado pero también de las que requieren un abordaje distinto, observadas desde una mirada que concierne a lo social, entendido éste como lo que se reproduce o se instaura en el colectivo, en el grupo, en las comunidades, en las sociedades como parte significativa de sus cotidianeidades. El Diseño desde esta perspectiva acompaña al ser humano produciendo una significación de los objetos como parte fundamental de sus vidas, que transforma una realidad deseada en una realidad concreta, de aquí la importancia de crear una conciencia social para la praxis laboral de esta disciplina. En este sentido el campo profesional, académico y de investigación del diseño debe ocuparse de crear, difundir y divulgar el quehacer de la misma, manifestando un equilibrio entre conciencia, racionalidad y la realidad. Desde el contexto planteado, la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, a través de su Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño presenta en esta obra una serie de reflexiones en torno al papel que desempeña el diseño humanístico, científico y tecnológico desde un enfoque de vanguardia e innovación para el desarrollo social, como resultado de la experiencia vertida en el Coloquio Internacional de Diseño que organiza éste año este espacio académico, en donde cada una de las aportaciones refleja la experiencia de cada uno de sus participantes; con base en ello, el presente libro integrado por una compilación de trabajos ofrece descripciones, análisis y propuestas que contribuyen a la solución de problemas procurando un desarrollo social

Estilo de vida na adolescente grávida. Uma intervenção a partir da enfermagem comunitária

This article aimed to explore the lifestyle of pregnant adolescents to build knowledge that guides the intervention of community nursing within the system of primary health care.&nbsp;&nbsp; From the methodological point of view, the article was framed within the qualitative paradigm, using the phenomenological approach of Amadeo Giorgi, and four adolescents between 16 and 19 participated.&nbsp; The semi-structured interview was the technique for collecting data. The reading and re-reading of the interviews was the previous step for the discrimination of the sense units using the hermeneutics in the interpretation of the data, and the computational program Atlas.ti in its organization. After the intervention of the community nurse, the most significant results in the majority of the adolescents showed an acknowledgment about the importance of assuming a healthy behavior. The pregnant adolescents did not express interventions of the nurse in regards of the importance of restful sleep, the use of free time or recreation, which led to the need of strengthen the preparation of the community nurse. Regarding factors detrimental to health, it was observed in one of the pregnant adolescents that alcohol consumption persisted during pregnancy, despite having received information on adverse effects. As a conclusion, the lack of awareness regarding the consumption of nutritious foods is an element that affected the optimal diet of pregnant adolescents.El objetivo del artículo fue presentar en estudio del estilo de vida de las adolescentes embarazadas para construir un conocimiento que oriente la intervención de la enfermería comunitaria dentro del sistema de atención primaria en salud. Metodológicamente el artículo se enmarcó dentro del paradigma cualitativo, utilizando el enfoque fenomenológico de Amadeo Giorgi, y participaron cuatro adolescentes entre 16 y 19 años. La entrevista semi-estructurada fue la técnica para la recolección de la información. La lectura y la relectura de las entrevistas fue el paso previo para la discriminación de las unidades de sentido, utilizando la hermenéutica en la interpretación de la información y el programa computacional Atlas.ti en la organización de la información Los resultados más significativos mostraron en la mayoría de las adolescentes un reconocimiento sobre la importancia de asumir una conducta saludable posterior a la intervención de la enfermera comunitaria. Las adolescentes embarazadas no expresaron en los relatos intervenciones por parte de la enfermera que incluyeran la importancia del sueño reparador, el uso del tiempo libre o la recreación, observándose la necesidad de fortalecer la preparación de la enfermera comunitaria. En lo relacionado a los factores perjudiciales para la salud, pudo observarse en una de las adolescentes embarazadas que aún persiste el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo, a pesar de haber recibido la información sobre los efectos adversos. Como conclusión la falta de conciencia con respecto al consumo de alimentos nutritivos es un elemento que afectó la alimentación óptima de las adolescentes embarazadas.O estilo de vida dos seres humanos está intimamente relacionado com a esfera comportamental; por conseguinte, esta pesquisa foi destinada a explorar o estilo de vida de adolescentes grávidas para construir um conhecimento e orientar a intervenção de enfermagem comunitária, no âmbito do sistema de cuidados primários de saúde, considerando os fatores biológicos, físicos e sociais que influenciam o estilo de vida dos participantes. Do ponto de vista metodológico, foi dentro do paradigma qualitativo e foi analisado com uma abordagem fenomenológica Amadeo Giorgio. Participaram 04 (quatro) adolescentes entre 16 e 19 anos. A entrevista semi-estruturada foi a técnica utilizada para a coleta de informações. Ler e reler as entrevistas para a discriminação das unidades de sensorias utilizando o programa de computador Atlas.ti para a interpretação das informações, o método hermenêutico foi usado. Os resultados mais significativos mostraram fatores de vida favoráveis e fatores prejudiciais a saúde, evidenciada pelos adolescentes reconhecendo a importância de ter comportamentos saudáveis, no entanto, prevaleceram comportamentos negativos e más condições de vida na dimensão dieta, atividade física, recreação e sono. Nos aspectos pessoais a autoestima das adolescentes grávidas impactou diretamente o próprio cuidado de saúde; em família a dimensão de vida da função emocional e econômica influenciou negativamente o estilo de vida dos participantes; sobre a vida escolar dimensão ameaçadora é fato o abandono de preparação acadêmic

Effect of alkylglycerol-rich oil and rosemary extract on oxidative stability and antioxidant properties of a cooked meat product

Taking into account the bioactive and healthy properties of alkylglycerols (AKG) and the antioxidant rosemary extract (RE), the production of a cooked meat product with partial replacement of animal fat by AKG-rich oil and inclusion of RE was performed. Six batches were manufactured: Control, control + RE (0.045%RE); low-AKG (0.75%AKG-oil), low-AKG + RE (0.75%AKG-oil + 0.045%RE); high-AKG (4.3%AKG-oil) and high-AKG + RE (4.3%AKG-oil + 0.045%RE). Fatty acid and lipid profile, changes on lipid oxidation (TBARS), antioxidant ability (TEAC), and carnosic acid were determined during refrigerated storage (0, 30, 60 days). A relevant replacement of animal fat by AKG-rich oil was obtained (around 20% for the high-AKG samples), together with healthier indexes of the fatty acid profile. A slight trend to worse lipid oxidation due to addition of AKG-rich oil was measured, but being only significantly higher for the high-AKG treatment in absence of RE. A significant better stability was measured due to inclusion of RE for all the treatments. Therefore, the oxidation of both low-AKG + RE and high-AKG + RE treatments were significantly comparable to the control batch. After storage, TBARS values increased for all the batches. Samples containing RE showed better TEAC values after the storage. In agreement, the amount of carnosic acid kept constant during the self-life of the products.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain (AGL2013-48943-C2-1-R) and the Community of Madrid, Spain (ALIBIRD-CM S2013/ABI2728). L Salas-Perez thanks CONACYT (Mexico) for her postdoctoral contract.Peer Reviewe

Sustainable extraction techniques for obtaining antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds from the Lamiaceae and Asteraceae species

This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolic Compounds in Herbs: Characterization, Antioxidant Properties and Health Benefits.Melissa officinalis L. and Origanum majorana L., within Lamiaceae family, and Calendula officinalis L. and Achillea millefolium L., within the Asteraceae, have been considered a good source of bioactive ingredients with health benefits. In this study, the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using pure CO2, and the ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) were proposed as green techniques to obtain plant-based extracts with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Higher values of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were achieved in UAE ethanol:water (50:50, v/v) extracts. Meanwhile, UAE pure ethanol extracts showed greater anti-inflammatory activity. RP-HPLC-PAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed a vast number of phenolic compounds in the extracts, including unreported ones. O. majorana ethanol:water extract presented the highest content of phenolics and antioxidant activity; among its composition, both rosmarinic acid and luteolin glucoside derivatives were abundant. The pure ethanol extract of A. millefolium resulted in an important content of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and flavonoid aglycones, which could be related to the remarkable inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines. Besides, borneol and camphor, found in the volatile fraction of A. millefolium, could contributed to this latter activity. Thus, this study points out that O. majorana and A. millefolium are considered a promising source of bioactive ingredients with potential use in health promotion.Authors thanks to the Spanish Government (Project: PID2019-110183RB-C22/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (ALIBIRD2020-CM (S2018/BAA-4343)) for financial support.Peer reviewe

Biological activities of Asteraceae (Achillea millefolium and Calendula officinalis) and Lamiaceae (Melissa officinalis and Origanum majorana) plant extracts

Asteraceae (Achillea millefolium and Calendula officinalis) and Lamiaceae (Melissa officinalis and Origanum majorana) extracts were obtained by applying two sequential extraction processes: supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide, followed by ultrasonic assisted extraction using green solvents (ethanol and ethanol:water 50:50). The extracts were analyzed in terms of the total content of phenolic compounds and the content of flavonoids; the volatile oil composition of supercritical extracts was analyzed by gas chromatography and the antioxidant capacity and cell toxicity was determined. Lamiaceae plant extracts presented higher content of phenolics (and flavonoids) than Asteraceae extracts. Regardless of the species studied, the supercritical extracts presented the lowest antioxidant activity and the ethanol:water extracts offered the largest, following the order Origanum majorana > Melissa officinalis ≈ Achillea millefolium > Calendula officinalis. However, concerning the effect on cell toxicity, Asteraceae (especially Achillea millefolium) supercritical extracts were significantly more efficient despite being the less active as an antioxidant agent. These results indicate that the effect on cell viability is not related to the antioxidant activity of the extracts.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (project AGL2013-48943-C2) and the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (ALIBIRD, project number S2013/ABI-2728).Peer reviewe