Resveratrol against Echinococcus sp.: Discrepancies between In Vitro and In Vivo Responses

In an attempt to find new anti-echinococcal drugs, resveratrol (Rsv) effectiveness against the larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis was evaluated. The in vitro effect of Rsv on parasites was assessed via optical and electron microscopy, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in murine models of cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The impact of infection and drug treatment on the mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) population and its differentiation into dendritic cells (BMDCs) was investigated via flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. In vitro treatment with Rsv reduced E. granulosus metacestode and protoscolex viability in a concentration-dependent manner, caused ultrastructural damage, increased autophagy gene transcription, and raised Eg-Atg8 expression while suppressing Eg-TOR. However, the intraperitoneal administration of Rsv was not only ineffective, but also promoted parasite development in mice with CE and AE. In the early infection model of AE treated with Rsv, an expansion of HSCs was observed followed by their differentiation towards BMCDs. The latter showed an anti-inflammatory phenotype and reduced LPS-stimulated activation compared to control BMDCs. We suggest that Rsv ineffectiveness could have been caused by the low intracystic concentration achieved in vivo and the drug’s hormetic effect, with opposite anti-parasitic and immunomodulatory responses in different doses.Fil: Loos, Julia Alexandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Franco, Micaela. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr. Oscar Alende de Mar del Plata.; ArgentinaFil: Chop, Maia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Rodrígues, Christian Fernando Ariel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Cumino, Andrea Carina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; Argentin

Supercritical CO2 extraction of bioactive compounds from radish leaves: Yield, antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity

Supercritical Fluid Extraction by using CO2 can be employed as an alternative to conventional methods for extracting functional compounds. Overall extractions curves for extractions of bioactive compounds from radish leaves were performed using scCO2 adding ethanol as co-solvent. Yield, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity were determined for each extract. The best results were obtained at 35 °C/400 bar and 40 °C/400 bar, with values of total phenolics 1375 mg GAE/100 g d.m. and 1455 mg GAE/100 g d.m., respectively. Antioxidant capacity by DPPH values were 359 mg TE/100 g d.m. (35 °C/400 bar) and 403 mg TE/100 g d.m. (40 °C/400 bar). Maturation of dendritic cells was not promoted being these extracts promising and interesting sources of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agents for future uses in the pharmaceutical and alimentary industries.Fil: Goyeneche, Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería en Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Fanovich, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Rodrígues, Christian Fernando Ariel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Nicolao, María Celeste. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Di Scala, Karina Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería en Alimentos; Argentin

Hydatid fluid from Echinococcus granulosus induces phagophore and autophagosome formation in dendritic cells through an upregulation of Beclin-1

Background: The cestode Echinococcus granulosus (Eg) is the etiological agent of cystic echinococcosis. This parasite develops cysts filled with hydatid fluid (HF) in the viscera of the intermediate host. Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that plays a key role in the presentation of endogenous and exogenous proteins, promoting the activation of T cells. The aim of this work is to analyze if HF, constituted by a wide range of parasite proteins, could trigger autophagy in dendritic cells. Methods: HF was punctured from the hydatid cysts collected of infected cattle slaughtered. Murine BMDCs were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium, supplemented with FLT3-L. First, lysosome activity was evaluated using Acridine Orange, a fluorophore that can be trapped in acidic vesicular organelles. Then, autophagy induction was evaluated by FACS, qPCR, Confocal and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Rapamycin (20 nM) and chloroquine (100μM) were used to modulate autophagic flux. LC3-attachment to the autophagic membrane, were analyzed by stained DCs with anti LC3-β antibody (clone H50). Results: HF significantly increased acridine orange cytoplasmic accumulation compared to control cells (***p <0.001) and enhanced the effect of rapamycin (****p<0.0001). The ultrastructural analysis of TEM showed that in the presence of HF, DCs stimulate the formation of phagophores, double lipid membrane autophagosome, MVBs and autolysosomes. Also, HF-stimulated BMDCs significantly enhanced the mean fluorescence intensity of LC3-positive structures in comparison with unstimulated cells (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 HF-stimulated cells vs controls). Finally, we have observed that HF induces a significant increase in the transcriptional expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 (n=3, **p <0.01 vs control) and enhances the expression induced by rapamycin. Conclusions: These results suggest that HF of Echinococcus granulosus regulates gene expression to increase autophagy- related structures in DCs.Fil: Chop, Maia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Nicolao, María Celeste. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Loos, Julia Alexandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Ledo, Camila. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Cumino, Andrea Carina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Rodrígues, Christian Fernando Ariel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaLXVI Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Argentina de Investigación Clínica; LXIX Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Argentina de Inmunología; LIII Reunión Anual de la Asociación de Farmacología Experimental y XI Reunión Anual de la Asociación Argentina de NanomedicinasArgentinaSociedad Argentina de Investigación ClínicaSociedad Argentina de InmunologíaAsociación de Farmacología ExperimentalAsociación Argentina de Nanomedicina

Characterization of protein cargo of Echinococcus granulosus extracellular vesicles in drug response and its influence on immune response

Background: The Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species complex causes cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic disease of medical importance. Parasite-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are involved in the interaction with hosts intervening in signal transduction related to parasite proliferation and disease pathogenesis. Although the characteristics of sEVs from E. granulosus protoscoleces and their interaction with host dendritic cells (DCs) have been described, the effect of sEVs recovered during parasite pharmacological treatment on the immune response remains unexplored. Methods: Here, we isolated and characterized sEVs from control and drug-treated protoscoleces by ultracentrifugation, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and proteomic analysis. In addition, we evaluated the cytokine response profile induced in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) by qPCR. Results: The isolated sEVs, with conventional size between 50 and 200 nm, regardless of drug treatment, showed more than 500 cargo proteins and, importantly, 20 known antigens and 70 potential antigenic proteins, and several integral-transmembrane and soluble proteins mainly associated with signal transduction, immunomodulation, scaffolding factors, extracellular matrix-anchoring, and lipid transport. The identity and abundance of proteins in the sEV-cargo from metformin- and albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO)-treated parasites were determined by proteomic analysis, detecting 107 and eight exclusive proteins, respectively, which include proteins related to the mechanisms of drug action. We also determined that the interaction of murine BMDCs with sEVs derived from control parasites and those treated with ABZSO and metformin increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 compared to control cells. Additionally, protoscolex-derived vesicles from metformin treatments induced the production of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10. However, the expression of IL-23 and TGF-β was downregulated. Conclusions: We demonstrated that sEV-cargo derived from drug-treated E. granulosus protoscoleces have immunomodulatory functions, as they enhance DC activation towards a type 1 pro-inflammatory profile against the parasite, and therefore support the proposal of a new approach for the prevention and treatment of secondary echinococcosis.Fil: Nicolao, María Celeste. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Rodrígues, Christian Fernando Ariel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Coccimiglio, Magalí Belén. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Ledo, Camila. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Docena, Guillermo H.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos; ArgentinaFil: Cumino, Andrea Carina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; Argentin

Mucins and polysaccharides from Echinococcus granulosus laminar layer induce a mild maturation phenotype in dendritic cells and promote gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Background: The laminar layer is an acellular structure rich in glycans that surrounds the metacestode, creating a mechanical and immunological protective barrier, crucial in the Echinococcus?host interface. The aim of this work is to analyze if purified laminar layer (pLL) could trigger maturation and cytokine production in dendritic cells by activating mTOR pathway, a central regulator of cell metabolism and environmental signals. Methods: BMDCs were cultured in complete RPMI supplemented with 100 ng/ml Flt3-L.The germinal layer was removed from pLL by washing with 2M NaCl. Flow cytometry: FITC or PE-conjugated mAbs directed to CD11c, CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC I and MHC II were used. Immunobloting and confocal microscopy: mouse anti-puromycin and rabbit anti-Phospho-mTOR antibodies were used. Gene expression analysis of IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-6, TNF-, IL-23p19, TGF- was performed on a Real Time PCR System Results: The pLL of Echinococcus induce a non-statistically significant, but a trend in the up-regulation of CD86 and MHC II and that expression change was diminished by the use of rapamycin (n=5). Conversely, no changes in the expression of CD40, CD80 or MHC I were registered. Further studies were done to analyze whether pLL was also able to stimulate the production of cytokines by BMDCs. When BMDCs were stimulated with pLL induce the expression of IL-6 and TNF-an=3 *p<0.05, **p<0.01), but not differences compared to control were observed in IL-12, IL-23, IL-10 and TGF-. Finally, we evaluated global protein synthesis and phosphorylation of mTOR using confocal microscopy or western blot. pLL (MFI:_979) showed an increase in translation levels compared to its counterpart without stimulation (MFI:_686, *p<0.05 n=3) and also induce an increase in mTOR phosphorylation levels compared to untreated BMCDs (n=3, p<0.01) Conclusions: These data suggest that Echinococcus pLL are recognized by DCs and induce activation of mTOR pathway favoring cell activation.Fil: Plá, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; ArgentinaFil: Chop, Maia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Nicolao, María Celeste. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Cumino, Andrea Carina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Rodrígues, Christian Fernando Ariel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaReunión de Sociedades de BiocienciasMar del PlataArgentinaSociedad Argentina de Investigación ClínicaSociedad Argentina de InmunologíaSociedad Argentina de Fisiologí

Correction: Metformin exhibits preventive and therapeutic efficacy against experimental cystic echinococcosis

Metformin (Met) is an anti-hyperglycemic and potential anti-cancer agent which may exert its anti-proliferative effects via the induction of energetic stress. In this study we investigated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of Met against the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Metformin showed significant dose- and time-dependent killing effects on in vitro cultured protoscoleces and metacestodes. Notably, the combination of Met together with the minimum effective concentration of ABZSO had a synergistic effect after days 3 and 12 on metacestodes and protoscoleces, respectively. Oral administration of Met (50 mg/kg/day) in E. granulosus-infected mice was highly effective in reducing the weight and number of parasite cysts, yet its combination with the lowest recommended dose of ABZ (5 mg/kg/day) was even more effective. Coincidentally, intracystic Met accumulation was higher in animals treated with both drugs compared to those administered Met alone. Furthermore, the safe plant-derived drug Met exhibited remarkable chemopreventive properties against secondary hydatidosis in mice. In conclusion, based on our experimental data, Met emerges as a promising anti-echinococcal drug as it has proven to efficiently inhibit the development and growth of the E. granulosus larval stage and its combination with ABZ may improve the current anti-parasitic therapy.Fil: Loos, Julia Alexandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Dávila, Valeria Analia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Rodrígues, Christian Fernando Ariel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Petrigh, Romina Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Zoppi, Jorge. Hospital Privado de la Comunidad. Servicio de Patología; ArgentinaFil: Crocenzi, Fernando Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Cumino, Andrea Carina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Metformin improves the therapeutic efficacy of low-dose albendazole against experimental alveolar echinococcosis

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. Its chemotherapeutic treatment is based on benzimidazoles, which are rarely curative and cause several adverse effects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative and safer chemotherapeutic strategies against AE. It has previously been shown that metformin (Met) exhibits considerable in vivo activity on an early-infection model of AE when administered at 50 mg kg-1 day-1 for 8 weeks. Here, the challenge is heightened by a 2-fold increase in parasite inoculum or by starting the treatment 6 weeks post-infection. In both cases, only the combination of Met (100 mg kg-1 day-1) together with a sub-optimal dose of albendazole (ABZ) (5 mg kg-1 day-1) led to a significant reduction in parasite weight compared to the untreated group. Coincidentally, drug combination showed the highest level of damage in E. multilocularis metacestodes. Likewise, Met alone or combined with ABZ led to a decrease in parasite glucose availability, which was evidenced as a lower intracystic glucose concentration. Therefore, the results demonstrate that combination therapy with Met and ABZ offers an alternative to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of the high-dose ABZ monotherapy currently employed.Fil: Loos, Julia Alexandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones en Sanidad Producción y Ambiente. - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Sanidad Producción y Ambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias; ArgentinaFil: Coccimiglio, Magalí Belén. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias; ArgentinaFil: Nicolao, María Celeste. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones en Sanidad Producción y Ambiente. - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Sanidad Producción y Ambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Rodrígues, Christian Fernando Ariel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones en Sanidad Producción y Ambiente. - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Sanidad Producción y Ambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; ArgentinaFil: Cumino, Andrea Carina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones en Sanidad Producción y Ambiente. - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Sanidad Producción y Ambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias; Argentin

Hydatid fluid from Echinococcus granulosus induce the autophagy process in dendritic cells and promote antigen presentation and T- cell proliferation

Background: Autophagy is an important process for the presentation of endogenous and exogenous proteins on MHC I and II molecules, promoting activation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells respectively. The aim of this work is to analyze if hydatid fluid (HF) from Echinococcus, constituted by a wide range of parasite proteins could trigger autophagy improving antigen presentation and T cell proliferation. Methods: BMDCs were cultured in complete RPMI. Hydatid fluid (HF) was punctured from the hydatid cysts collected of infected cattle slaughtered. Antigen uptake was measured with (FITC-OVA) in BMDCs using a standard method. HF-stimulated BMDCs, were evaluated in autophagy induction and MHC II expression. For it, fixed cells were immunostained with LC3-clone H50 and analyzed them by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. CFSE-stained splenocytes were co-incubated with BMDCs using a DC: splenocyte ratio of 1:4 Cellular proliferation was assayed after 4 days of culture by flow cytometry. Results: First, we evaluated if stimulation of HF during 18 h in BMDCs, induce different rates of antigen uptake. Effectively, the presence of Echinococcus antigens induces a markedly decreased OVA-uptake compared to control (**p <0.01, n=3). Next, we studied if stimulation with Eg antigens induces changes in the basal level of autophagy. HF-stimulated BMDCs significantly enhanced the mean fluorescence intensity of MHC II and LC3 and showed a trend in the increment of number and the average size of LC3-positive structures in comparison with unstimulated cells (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 HF-stimulated cells vs controls). Finally, we observed that culture splenocytes in the presence of stimulated DC induce their proliferation % CFSE+ cells CTRL:99%, HF:55% (***p<0.001, n=3). Conclusions: These data suggest that HF of Echinococcus induces an increase in autophagy processes promoting the presentation of exogenous antigens presented in MHC II molecules to improve T cell proliferation.Fil: Chop, Maia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Plá, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; ArgentinaFil: Loos, Julia Alexandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Nicolao, María Celeste. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Cumino, Andrea Carina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Rodrígues, Christian Fernando Ariel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Produccion, Sanidad y Ambiente.; ArgentinaReunión de Sociedades de BiocienciasMar del PlataArgentinaSociedad Argentina de Investigación ClínicaSociedad Argentina de InmunologíaSociedad Argentina de Fisiologí

The role of semen in sexual transmission of HIV: beyond a carrier for virus particles.

Unprotected sexual intercourse between discordant couples is by far the most frequent mode of HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) transmission being semen the main vector for HIV-1 dissemination worldwide. Semen is usually considered merely as a vehicle for HIV-1 transmission. In this review we discuss recent observations suggesting that beyond being a carrier for virus particles semen markedly influences the early events involved in sexual transmission of HIV through the mucosal barriers.Fil: Sabatte, Juan Atilio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Centro Nacional de Referencia del Sida; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Remes Lenicov, Federico. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Centro Nacional de Referencia del Sida; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Cabrini, Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Centro Nacional de Referencia del Sida; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Rodrígues, Christian Fernando Ariel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Centro Nacional de Referencia del Sida; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Ostrowski, Matias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Centro Nacional de Referencia del Sida; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Ceballos, Ana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Centro Nacional de Referencia del Sida; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Amigorena, Sebastián. Inserm; FranciaFil: Geffner, Jorge Raul. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Centro Nacional de Referencia del Sida; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentin