Interaction situations and social goals in adolescence: development and initial validity of the Social Goal Questionnaire (SGQ)

The Version of Record of this manuscript has been published and is available in Estudios de Psicología 2012 http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1174/021093912800676484El objetivo de este estudio es doble: a) estudiar el grado en que el efecto de las metas sociales en el comportamiento está condicionado por la naturaleza de las distintas situaciones de interacción, y b) desarrollar un cuestionario de metas sociales (CMS) que permita conocer la estructura de tales metas en los adolescentes y su papel en la integración social. Un total de 703 alumnos de Secundaria de la Comunidad de Madrid completó tres cuestionarios, el CMS, un cuestionario de estrategias de interacción social (CEIS) y otro de integración social (CIS). Los análisis de varianza, factoriales exploratorios, de correlaciones y de regresión llevados a cabo han puesto de manifiesto: 1) Que el tipo de situación modera el efecto de las metas sociales en la conducta; 2) Que las metas se relacionan entre sí, pudiendo organizarse en tres dimensiones: Orientación a la sumisión y al alejamiento, Orientación al dominio y la venganza, y Orientación a la afiliación, y que las metas sociales predicen la integración social mejor que las estrategias de interacción social. Se comentan las implicaciones teóricas y aplicadas de los resultadosThe aims of this study are twofold: a) to study the degree in which the effect of social goals on behaviour is conditioned by the nature of the different interaction situations, and b) to develop a social goals questionnaire (SGQ) in order to know more about the structure of such goals in adolescents and their role in social integration. A total of 703 Secondary Education students from Madrid completed three questionnaires: the SGQ, the Social Interaction Strategies questionnaire (SISQ), and the Social Integration Questionnaire (SIQ). Analysis of variance, exploratory factor, correlation and regression analyses carried out have shown: 1) that the nature of the situation moderates the effect of social goals; 2) that goals are interrelated and can be organised in three dimensions: Orientation to submissiveness and isolation, Orientation to control and revenge, and Orientation to affiliation, and 3) that social goals predict social integration better than social interaction strategies. Theoretical and practical implications of results are discussedTrabajo realizado en el marco del proyecto de I+D+I número EDU2009-11765. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación

Psychological Impact and Associated Factors During the Initial Stage of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Among the General Population in Spain

The outbreak of COVID-19 in Spain started at the end of February. By 9th April 2020 Spain was the second country in confirmed cases and in deaths. On March 14, 2020, the Spanish Government declared the state of alarm to limit viral transmission. During such state, citizens must stay confined at home with few justified exceptions. This whole situation drastically changed the life of the population, which can cause a wide range of psychosocial impacts. This study explored the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general adult population (N = 3055) during the first stages of the outbreak in Spain, as well as their anxiety, stress and depression levels. We also examined the extent to which the following variables were associated to participants’ mental health: (1) demographics; (2) degree of concern about the pandemic; (3) environmental conditions during the home confinement, (4) changes in daily life as a consequence of the pandemic; (5) contact with the COVID-19 disease; (6) actual and perceived severity of the crisis; (7) information about the COVID-19, (8) perceived health status and (9) leisure activities conducted within the last 24 h. Our results show that Spanish consider the current COVID-19 health crisis as fairly severe, and the majority felt that the COVID-19 crisis had greatly impacted on their daily life, including changes in their daily routines and cancelation of important activities. About 36% of the participants reported moderate to severe psychological impact, 25% showed mild to severe levels of anxiety, 41% reported depressive symptoms, and 41% felt stressed. Women, young, and those who that lost their job during the health crisis showed the strongest negative psychological symptoms. What worried Spaniards the most was the likelihood of suffering an economic crisis derived from the pandemic. We found factors associated with better mental health, such as being satisfied with the information received about the health crisis, conducting leisure activities, and the perception of being in good health. These findings can be used to design psychological interventions to help coping with COVID-19 pandemic, both in Spain and other countries

Prediction of post-traumatic growth in the face of the COVID-19 crisis based on resilience, post-traumatic stress and social participation: A longitudinal study

The COVID-19 crisis has generated a severe and negative psychological impact worldwide. Despite this, it is also possible to experience post-traumatic growth (PTG). This study aimed to longitudinally explore the prevalence of PTG in the Spanish population and test a predictive model for PTG from resilience, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and participation in social activities. Data were collected longitudinally in March, July, and November 2020 via an online survey. About 20% of the sample showed moderate-high levels of PTG, with no significant differences over time. The predictive model explained 19% of the variance in PTG, showing that the inverse relation between resilience and PTG was mediated by PTSS. Additionally, participation in social activities acted as a predictor of PTG. Women, young people, those who had lost their job and people who had experienced COVID-19 symptoms or the loss of a loved one presented higher PTG. Thus, people have experienced positive changes (PTG), but these did not protect them from adverse symptomatology (PTSS)

The posttraumatic growth inventory-short form (PTGI-SF): A psychometric study of the spanish population during the COVID-19 pandemic

People can experience posttraumatic growth (PTG) when faced with potentially traumatic events. One of the most widely-used instruments to measure PTG is the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF). However, it has not been validated for the Spanish population. This study explored the psychometric properties of the PTGI-SF in adults living in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since it is a global disaster, two items were added to assess communal PTG. The participants were adult inhabitants of Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 855). They completed the PTGI-SF in July 2020, along with the Impact of Event Scale - Revised to measure symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They also rated the degree to which they perceived the COVID-19 crisis as being severe. In November 2020, 592 participants once again completed the PTGI-SF. The factorial validity o was tested by Structural Equations Modeling (SEM). McDonald's ω coefficients were calculated to test internal consistency. The Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was obtained to assess test-retest reliability. Sensitivity and criterion-related validity were assessed by exploring the association of the PTGI-SF scores with gender, age, PTSD symptoms, and perceived severity. Results indicated good psychometric properties for an eight-item, four-factor structure of the inventory in terms of structural validity, reliability, sensitivity and criterion-related validity. These factors were: Relating to Others, Personal Strength, Spiritual Change, and Life Value and Opportunities. Communal PTG overlapped with social PTG, and therefore it was not included. Cultural differences need to be addressed when measuring PTG, especially in terms of spiritual growth

La estructura factorial del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático en padres de niños críticamente enfermos

Background: Posttraumatic growth (PTG) was conceptualized as consisting of changes in three broad dimensions; Self, interpersonal relationships, and philosophy of life. The aim of this study is to analyze the factor structure of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) in a sample of parents whose children had survived a critical hospitalization in order to consider the structural validity of the PTGI scores for this population and to report our understanding of PTG as a construct. Methods: 143 parents completed the PTGI 6 months after their child’s discharge from pediatric intensive care. The PTGI scores’ factor structure was studied through confi rmatory factor analyses (CFA) of different models supported in prior research, followed by an exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Results: Prior models tested through CFA did not provide an acceptable fi t for our data. Through exploratory PCA, three components emerged that explained 73.41% of the variance; personal growth, interpersonal growth and transpersonal growth. Subsequent CFAs on this three-factor model showed that a bifactor model had the best fi t. Conclusion: Although the PTGI scores have shown slightly different factor structures among diverse populations, the three dimensions initially theorized appear to be robust, which supports the structural validity of its scoresAntecedentes: el crecimiento postraumático (CPT) se defi nió originalmente como la ocurrencia de cambios en tres dimensiones: personal, relaciones interpersonales y filosofía de vida. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la estructura factorial de las puntuaciones del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático (PTGI) en una muestra de padres cuyos hijos sobrevivieron a una hospitalización en cuidados intensivos pediátricos para explorar la validez estructural en esta población e incrementar nuestra comprensión de este fenómeno. Método: 143 padres completaron el PTGI 6 meses después del alta de su hijo de cuidados intensivos. La estructura factorial de las puntuaciones en el PTGI se estudió mediante análisis factoriales confi rmatorios (AFC) de los diferentes modelos que habían emergido en estudios previos, seguido de un análisis exploratorio de componentes principales (ACP). Resultados: los modelos previos no proporcionaron un ajuste aceptable a nuestros datos. Mediante ACP emergieron tres componentes que explicaron el 73,41% de la varianza; crecimiento personal, crecimiento interpersonal y crecimiento transpersonal. Posteriores AFCs de este último modelo mostraron que un modelo bifactor obtuvo el mejor ajuste. Conclusión: aunque las puntuaciones del PTGI haya mostrado estructuras factoriales distintas en diferentes poblaciones, las tres dimensiones originalmente teorizadas son consistentes, lo que apoya su validez estructura

Estudio del Impacto de la Realización de Prácticas Informatizadas en el Aprendizaje de la Asignatura Evaluación Psicológica del Grado en Psicología

[EN] The present study explored the effects of the inclusion of online practical activities (OPs), in the subject Psychological Assessment, in the Degree in Psychology. The OPs are a teaching methodology designed to support the students’ learning process. It consist of activities with a clear structure in which the students face different cases and problems while guided step-by-step in their learning process and receive immediate feedback. The present study explored the degree to which the utilization of the OPs contributed to predict the academic achievement of the students, using the exam mark as criteria. The sample was composed of 74 undergraduate students in psychology who were enrolled in the course Psychological Assessment.. Results showed that 51.5% of the students used the OPs. Their satisfaction was high. The number of OPs completed did not contribute to predict the level of learning acquired by the students. However, the performance of the students in the methodologies used, all taken together is significantly correlated with the exam mark. Future studies should continue exploring the effect of online resources that guide the students through the resolution of complex tasks given their high accessibility and their possibility to provide immediate feedback.[ES] Este trabajo estudia los efectos de la inclusión de prácticas informatizadas (PI), en la asignatura Evaluación Psicológica del Grado en Psicología. Las PI son una metodología docente de apoyo a los estudiantes que consiste en enfrentar al alumno con problemas y casos que tienen que ir resolviendo paso a paso en formato online. En este proceso el alumno es guiado en su proceso de aprendizaje y recibe feedback inmediato de cada acción. Este trabajo explora cómo el rendimiento de los alumnos en las diferentes actividades de la asignatura, junto al número de PI realizadas predicen el grado de aprendizaje adquirido, tomando como criterio la calificación del examen. Además, pretendemos conocer el uso que hacen los alumnos de las PI y su satisfacción. La muestra fueron 74 alumnos de la asignatura Evaluación Psicológica del Grado en Psicología. Los resultados muestran que el 51,5% de los alumnos utilizaron las PI. Su satisfacción fue elevada. El número de PI realizadas no contribuye a predecir el aprendizaje del alumno. Sin embargo, el rendimiento en el conjunto de metodologías docentes correlaciona significativamente con la nota del examen. Dada la accesibilidad y el alto nivel de satisfacción es importante seguir explorando la eficacia de este recurso.Rodríguez-Rey, R.; Fidalgo, C.; Collado, S. (2021). Estudio del Impacto de la Realización de Prácticas Informatizadas en el Aprendizaje de la Asignatura Evaluación Psicológica del Grado en Psicología. En IN-RED 2021: VII Congreso de Innovación Edicativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 140-148. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2021.2021.13657OCS14014

Construction and evidence of validity regarding the emotion self-regulation questionnaire

This study provides validity evidence for the scores interpretations of an 18-item emotion self-regulation questionnaire (ESQ) which measures both adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies (Positive Reappraisal, Controlled Expression, Arousal Regulation, Suppression, Rumination, and Unhealthy Behaviors). Participants (N = 622 adults) completed the ESQ and other measures of ER and ER beliefs, stress, and satisfaction with life. Structural Equations Modeling was used to compare four-factor models (one correlational, two hierarchical, and one bifactor) and to cross-validate the results across randomized and gender subsamples. The correlated model showed the best fit and demonstrated invariance between subsamples. Internal consistency (McDonald's ω) was acceptable for most strategies scores and their temporal stability (Intra-class Correlation Coefficients) on a 1-month follow-up was moderate. Correlation analyses also provided evidence of validity of the ESQ scores interpretations. This study provides an instrument whose scores and scores interpretations have received empirical support in terms of internal consistency, temporal stability, and evidence of validityThis work was carried out with funding from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Project EDU2017-89036-P

Evaluación de estrategias de afrontamiento desde la perspectiva de la interacción persona-situación: desarrollo y validación del Cuestionario Situado de Afrontamiento para Adultos

Background: Although coping strategies are considered to contribute to resilience to adversity, their use is not stable, but varies depending on the specifi c adversity. However, to date, most of the questionnaires assessing coping do not consider its situational character. The objective of this study is to develop and validate the Situated Coping Questionnaire for Adults (SCQA), which assesses coping in the face of fi ve different kinds of adverse contexts to take into account its situational dimension. Methods: A total of 430 Spanish adults (256 from the general population, 77 people suffering from cancer or HIV, and 97 parents of children with cancer or developmental problems) completed the SCQA and two resilience questionnaires (the Brief Resilience Scale and the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale) for validation purposes. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed the superiority of the personsituation model; the situation infl uences the degree to which people use specific coping strategies; however, coping is also stable to some extent. Regression analyses showed that coping strategies contribute to predict resilience, supporting the validity of the SCQA. The questionnaire and its sub-scales showed adequate reliability. Conclusion: The SCQA is deemed a reliable and valid means of situated coping assessment for use in several populationsAntecedentes: aunque se considera que las estrategias de afrontamiento contribuyen a la resiliencia frente a la adversidad, su uso no es estable, sino que varía en función del tipo de adversidad. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los cuestionarios de afrontamiento no tienen en cuenta su carácter situacional. El objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar y validar el Cuestionario Situado de Afrontamiento para Adultos (SCQA por sus siglas en inglés), que evalúa afrontamiento en cinco contextos diferentes. Método: 430 adultos españoles (256 población general, 77 personas con VIH o cáncer y 97 padres de niños con cáncer o problemas de desarrollo) completaron el SCQA y dos cuestionarios de resiliencia (Brief Resilience Scale y Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10) con propósitos de validación. Resultados: los análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron la superioridad del modelo persona-situación; la situación influye en la utilización de distintas estrategias de afrontamiento, sin embargo, estas también son relativamente estables. Los análisis de regresión mostraron que las estrategias de afrontamiento contribuyeron a predecir resiliencia en la dirección esperada, aportando evidencias de validez. El cuestionario y sus subescalas mostraron adecuada fiabilidad. Conclusión: el SCQA ha mostrado ser un cuestionario fiable y válido para evaluar afrontamiento desde una perspectiva situacional y en múltiples poblacione

Validación de un Cuestionario Multidimensional de Adaptación a la Enfermedad para Pacientes Renales en Diálisis (CMAE-RD) diseñado a partir de un cuestionario para pacientes oncohematológicos

Objectives: The present study aims to explore the psychometric properties of a multidimensional questionnaire to assess adaptation to illness in patients with end stage renal disease under hemodialysis (CMAE-RD for its Spanish acronym). Methods: This instrument was developed to be administered by a psychologist as a semi structured interview and it was adapted from a previous questionnaire for patients with oncohaematologic diseases. A total of 113 patients receiving hemodialysis treatment were interviewed with the CMAE-RD and completed two additional questionnaires with validation purposes: the HADS (to assess anxiety and depression) and the CDRISC-2 (to assess resilience). Results: Internal consistency scores for the areas of the CMAE-RD was comprised between.53 and.70. Evidences of validity related to an external criterion and concurrent validity were obtained for the areas which assess the level of information of the patient and their emotional state. Conclusions: We conclude that the CMAE-RD shows adequate levels of reliability and validity, being a useful measurement tool from the standpoint of health care, as it allows psychologist the needs and resources of renal patients, providing guidance for psychological intervention.Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de un cuestionario multidimensional de adaptación a la enfermedad para pacientes con enfermedad renal en diálisis (CMAE-RD). Métodos: Esta herramienta está diseñada para ser administrada por un profesional de la psicología en forma de entrevista semiestructurada y fue diseñado a partir de un cuestionario previo para pacientes oncohematológicos. Un total de 113 pacientes en hemodiálisis fueron entrevistados mediante el CMAE-RD y completaron dos cuestionarios adicionales con propósitos de validación: el HADS (para evaluar ansiedad y depresión) y el CDRISC-2 (para evaluar resiliencia). Resultados: La consistencia interna para las áreas del CMAE-RD estuvo comprendida entre 0,53 y 0,70, y se obtuvieron evidencias de validez relacionada con un criterio externo y concurrente especialmente para las áreas que evaluaban el grado en que el paciente está informado y su estado de ánimo. Conclusiones: CMAE-RD presenta niveles adecuados de fiabilidad y validez, siendo una herramienta útil desde el punto de vista clínico, pues permite evaluar las necesidades y recursos de los pacientes, guiando la intervención psicológic

Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-32)

Resilience is defined as a dynamic process that entails a positive adaptation to contexts of adversity. According to the ecological model, resilient behavior emerges as a result of the interaction between individual, relational, community and cultural variables. The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28), developed in Canada and based on the ecological model, has been validated in several countries. The objective of this article is to present the cultural adaptation (studies I and II) and validation (study III) in Spanish at risk youth. A three-study mixed-method design was selected. Study I includes translations and a confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis of a sample of 270 Spanish young persons (56.9% boys) aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 14.65; SD = 1.27) from an urban public elementary school. Study II uses semi-structured interviews with adolescents identified as resilient and presents a content analysis and a reformulation of items with experts. Study III includes the confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, test-retest, convergent and discriminant validity, and multivariate analysis of variance to explore group differences of the resulting scale CYRM-32. The sample consisted of 432 at-risk young persons (54.9% boys) aged between 12 and 19 years old (M = 14.99; SD = 2.23). The results confirm the adequate psychometric properties of the CYRM-32 scale. From the original scale, 4 items were eliminated, 5 were reformulated presenting very low saturations. Meanwhile, 6 items were added to the cultural adaptation phase, resulting in a 32-item scale. The confirmatory analysis confirms the 3 factors expected in the CYRM-32 scale with good reliability indexes (Cronbach's α total scale 0.88, family interaction 0.79, interaction with others 0.72 and individual skills 0.78). The scale has convergent and discriminant validity in relation to the Brief Resilient Coping Scale, Coping Scale for Adolescents and Self-Concept. Significant differences were found in the scores of the CYRM-32 scale for the ethnic variable [F(71. 358) = 1.714, p < 0.001], while no differences appear according to age and gender. This finding confirms the importance of culture in the resiliency processes. The CYRM-32 scale has good psychometric properties and is a new alternative for measuring resilience in Spanish at-risk youth