Sports attendance: A survey of the Literature 1973-2007

Introduction – 1. Theoretical aspects – 2. Demand definition, data andempirical model – 3. Determinants of attendance (I): Economical aspects – 4.Determinants of attendance (II): Expected quality – 5. Determinants of attendance(III): Uncertainty of outcome – 6. Determinants of attendance (IV): Opportunity cost and other factors – Conclusions – Abstract In this paper, we show a review of the empirical analysis literature about the factors that explain attendance to the stadiums on different sports, mainly in the case of professional sports. Apart from the traditional economic determinants of demand (attendance), the sports events in which the performers have more quality and in those which exists uncertainty of outcome of the match or the championship, have a larger number of spectators. On the other hand, these are not the only factors that explain attendance. Variables that capture the opportunity cost of going to the stadium and other determinants, like unobservable factors associated to the contender teams, also have relevance at the time of analyzing this side of the demand related to professional teams of sports eventsAttendance, elasticity, quality, uncertainty of outcome

Self-similar transmission properties of aperiodic Cantor potentials in gapped graphene

We investigate the transmission properties of quasiperiodic or aperiodic structures based on graphene arranged according to the Cantor sequence. In particular, we have found self-similar behaviour in the transmission spectra, and most importantly, we have calculated the scalability of the spectra. To do this, we implement and propose scaling rules for each one of the fundamental parameters: generation number, height of the barriers and length of the system. With this in mind we have been able to reproduce the reference transmission spectrum, applying the appropriate scaling rule, by means of the scaled transmission spectrum. These scaling rules are valid for both normal and oblique incidence, and as far as we can see the basic ingredients to obtain self-similar characteristics are: relativistic Dirac electrons, a self-similar structure and the non-conservation of the pseudo-spin. This constitutes a reduction of the number of conditions needed to observe self-similarity in graphene-based structures, see D\'iaz-Guerrero et al. [D. S. D\'iaz-Guerrero, L. M. Gaggero-Sager, I. Rodr\'iguez-Vargas, and G. G. Naumis, arXiv:1503.03412v1, 2015]

Incidencia del concepto de control interno en el desarrollo del autocontrol

Los continuos cambios en las organizaciones crean la necesidad cada vez más, de revisar y reestructurar los sistemas de control interno (SCI) con miras a alcanzar estados superiores de efectividad en sus procesos internos y a la vez, que asegure la gestión administrativa, es así, como ven en el autocontrol una herramienta que facilita los procesos al interior de ella, puesto que todas las actividades empiezan y terminan en el colaborador, son ellos con su compromiso y responsabilidad quienes pueden sacar adelante las tareas con eficiencia y eficacia

La Procuraduría General de la Nación y su rol en la defensa de los derechos de la infancia

Artículo de ReflexiónCon este trabajo se pretende examinar los criterios jurídicos más relevantes que ha utilizado la Procuraduría General de la Nación, en desarrollo de la defensa del interés superior del niño y la protección de los derechos del niño, teniendo como marco la opinión consultiva 017 del 2002 de la Comisión Interamericana de los Derechos Humanos. De esta manera, se determinará si la Procuraduría General de la Nación ha actuado conforme a su competencia legal y constitucional, y a las directrices establecidas por los organismos internacionales, en particular las de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.1. MARCO NORMATIVO 2. PROCURADURÍA GENERAL DE LA NACIÓN 3. PRONUNCIAMIENTOS DEL PRINCIPIO DEL INTERÉS SUPERIOR DEL NIÑO 4. CRITERIOS JURÍDICOS UTILIZADOS POR LA PROCURADURÍA GENERAL DE LA NACIÓN CONFORME A LA OPINIÓN CONSULTIVA 017 DEL 2002. 5. CONCLUSIONES 6. REFERENCIASPregradoAbogad

C3 convertase as a novel biomarker of cardiovascular pathology, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction

Introduction: Atherothrombotic disease is the leading aetiology of mortality in the Western countries. Its main cause is not hypercholesterolemia but the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). In the last three decades MetS evolved from a quintet (hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL and waist) to become an octet named Cardiometabolic Syndrome (CMS), where the triad, consisting of inflammation/metaflammation, oxidative stress (OS) and endothelial dysfunction (ED) is essential to understand its impact at the vascular level. Insulin resistance (IR) is located at the heart of both syndromes. From the inflammatory point of view, the most used marker has been the CRP with the inconvenience of being highly unspecific. Finding new markers has become the researchers’ goal for the last years. The present work confirms that the C3 convertase in plasma can be useful as a marker and possibly as a pathogenic factor, which if confirmed, would postulate C3 as a target of future preventive strategies. Objectives: Assess the behaviour of C3 convertase, key enzyme that controls the complement cascade in relation to MetS, CMS including ED, IR and cardiovascular (CV) risk in a population referred to cardiometabolic secondary care. Methodology: An observational retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on a random cohort of adult individuals from Madrid. Specific cardiometabolic factors were measured as part of the clinical routine of the Cardiometabolic Unit. CV risk was calculated by REGICOR formula. IR was estimated by HOMA-IR formula in a non-exogenous insulin replacement group. Subjects were stratified by C3 complement quartiles to assess the distribution of the cardiometabolic markers. Multivariable regression analysis was applied to identify predictors of C3 variability. Results: A total of n=374 subjects were selected (53.60±14.80 yr. old, 44.9% females), where 65% were hypertensive, 42% hyperglycaemic and 35% MetS. C3 complement levels were associated with: 1. MetS: MetS diagnosis, each single MetS criterion, proportional number of MetS criteria and new MetS criteria (p<0.001). 2. CMS: inflammation (CPR, fibrinogen, p<0.001) and metaflammation (Adiponectin, IL-6, p≤0.05), ED (TPA, PAI-1, VCAM, p≤0.050) and OS showed tendency (TBARS, p=0.084). 3. IR: HOMA (p<0.001). 4. CV risk: factors and CV risk (p<0.001). All of these correlations were independent of age and gender. Most of the previous variables were also correlated with C3 quartiles. Hypertriglyceridemia had the highest impact on C3 differing from clinical guidelines according to multivariate analysis (p<0.001).Conclusions: In relation with the MetS quintet, C3 resulted a strong predictor of each criteria, C3 was proportional to number of MetS criteria and described a possible arbitrary threshold between two and three criteria suggesting earlier CV prevention through equal risk. In relation to the CMS octet, C3 also predicted strongly inflammation/metaflamation, ED and showed tendency with OS. In this order, hypertriglyceridemia, CRP, HTA, waist, HOMA and hyperglycaemia resulted predictors of the 34% of C3 complement variability by multivariate analysis. The association with HOMA may influence the results of this study but can not explain all the correlations. This study suggested that simultaneous evaluation of CRP and C3 would increase the intrinsic reliability of CRP as required in precise Cardiometabolic Medicine

On the Analysis and Detection of Flames Withan Asynchronous Spiking Image Sensor

We have investigated the capabilities of a customasynchronous spiking image sensor operating in the NearInfrared band to study flame radiation emissions, monitortheir transient activity, and detect their presence. Asynchronoussensors have inherent capabilities, i.e., good temporal resolution,high dynamic range, and low data redundancy. This makesthem competitive against infrared (IR) cameras and CMOSframe-based NIR imagers. In this paper, we analyze, discuss,and compare the experimental data measured with our sensoragainst results obtained with conventional devices. A set ofmeasurements have been taken to study the flame emissionlevels and their transient variations. Moreover, a flame detectionalgorithm, adapted to our sensor asynchronous outputs, has beendeveloped. Results show that asynchronous spiking sensors havean excellent potential for flame analysis and monitoring.Universidad de Cádiz PR2016-07Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2015-66878-C3-1-RJunta de Andalucía TIC 2012-2338Office of Naval Research (USA) N00014141035

Secuestro extorsivo de la delincuencia organizada en Colombia

El presente ensayo es una reflexión sobre el secuestro extorsivo de la delincuencia organizada en Colombia, ya que es un delito que afecta a la sociedad tanto a personas en sectores económicos, políticos y sociales, también ataca cualquier edad genero sin sentimiento alguno, ya que en la mayoría de ocasiones llevan a la tortura extrema a las víctimas de este flagelo ya que al mismo tiempo las familias de estas personas se ven enfrentadas a este delito, que cuando se logra la libertad del secuestrado se inicia un nuevo proceso de aceptación y estrés postraumático de las consecuencias que les ha dejado