Tratamiento farmacológico y deterioro de la función pulmonar en pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2: Un estudio de corte transversal

Introduction: There is no clear relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and lung function decline; it is also unclear whether the type of treatment can modify spirometric variables and levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Objectives: To compare pulmonary function in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with an insulin-sensitizing agent (metformin) and in those treated with secretagogues, as well as combined with insulin, and to evaluate differences in inflammatory biomarkers between treatment groups. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analytic study in 196 diabetic patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus. Spirometric variables and levels of inflammatory biomarkers (ferritin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), were obtained. Residual values (observed minus expected) for forced vital capacity and for forced expiratory volume were calculated and compared between treatment types. Differences in median levels of biomarkers were also compared. Results: After adjustment by known determinants of lung function, and by the control and duration of type 2 diabetes, patients treated with the insulin-sensitizing agent had statistically significant lower differences against expected values for forced vital capacity compared with secretagogues (-212.1 ml vs 270.2 ml, p=0.039), as well as for forced expiratory volume, but without statistical significance (-133.2 mL vs -174.8 mL, p>0.05). In the group of patients treated with the insulin-sensitizing agent, ferritin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were lower (p less than 0.01). Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that insulin-sensitizing agents appear to be associated with less deterioration of lung function and less systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes. The present study serves to formulate new hypothesis and research projects

Charpy impact toughness and transition temperature in ferrite–perlite steel

Charpy V-notch impact tests on 10 mm thick, Dual-Phase ferrite-perlite steel were evaluated at temperatures ranging from 90 ºC to -60 ºC. Fracture surfaces were analysed by optical microscope (OM). Due to the high dispersion, showed in the results, numerous tests under the same conditions and the use of statistical methods are needed to obtain a reliable value. The transition temperature calculated (45 ºC) and Charpy impact toughness was analysed in function of microstructure and carbon equivalent

Comparación de los medios y estrategias de comunicación externa de la Municipalidad Distrital de Pueblo Libre entre el último trimestre de la gestión edil 2015 - 2018, y el primer trimestre de la gestión 2019-2022

El contenido de la presente investigación es la comparación de los medios y estrategias de comunicación externa de la Municipalidad Distrital de Pueblo Libre que ha abordado la gestión edil 2015 – 2018 en su último trimestre y el primer trimestre de la administración 2019 – 2022. Asimismo, el argumento de nuestro estudio se basará en el desarrollo de un plan de comunicación externo que será de beneficio para la municipalidad como para los contribuyentes de la jurisdicción. El objetivo principal será demostrar la diferencia entre ambas gestiones en todo lo relacionado a los medios, estrategias de comunicación externas y herramientas comunicacionales utilizadas durante un periodo especifico de ambas gestiones. Se aspira a direccionar el funcionamiento de la comunicación externa de la Municipalidad para con los vecinos, por ello, se recurrirá a una serie de estrategias a corto, mediano y largo plazo a través de un plan de comunicaciones. Para la investigación, se recurrió a recolectar toda la información posible por parte de funcionarios de la Municipalidad, vecinos del distrito, archivos gráficos y textuales, historiadores e investigaciones. El plan contiene un claro objetivo que es fortalecer la imagen institucional de la Municipalidad Distrital de Pueblo Libre en los públicos externos, lo que mejorará la relación de la entidad con los vecinos. Enfocados en el problema de investigación, se ha detallado el tema, problema, objetivo y diagnóstico, este último contiene toda la información que abarca el presente estudio. La investigación y análisis de diversas tesis de pregrado, maestría o doctorado han permitido darle consistencia y credibilidad al proyecto. Asimismo, es aquí donde también se ha citado diversas fuentes de libros, revistas y periódicos con la finalidad de complementar el tema y objetivo. La propuesta final del plan de comunicación ha sido plasmada en 10 estrategias, de las cuales se buscó efectuar algunas de ellas, logrando los objetivos propuestos.Trabajo de suficiencia profesionalCampus Lima Centr

Pharmacological treatment and impairment of pulmonary function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Introducción. La relación de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 con el deterioro de la función pulmonar no es clara, como tampoco si el tipo de tratamiento modifica los parámetros espirométricos e inflamatorios. Objetivo. Comparar la función pulmonar de pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 tratados con un agente de sensibilización a la insulina (metformina) y de los tratados con secretagogos, así como de estos combinados con insulinas, y evaluar las diferencias en los biomarcadores de inflamación de los grupos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio analítico de corte transversal en 196 pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2. Se midieron las variables espirométricas y la concentración sanguínea de biomarcadores de inflamación (ferritina, fibrinógeno, proteína C reactiva, interleucina 6 y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa). Se analizaron los valores residuales (valores observados menos valores predichos) para la capacidad vital forzada y el volumen espiratorio forzado en los diferentes tipos de tratamiento. También, se compararon las diferencias en las medianas de las concentraciones de los biomarcadores, según los tipos de tratamiento. Resultados. Después de ajustar según los factores determinantes de la función pulmonar y el control y la duración de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, los valores esperados de la capacidad vital forzada de los pacientes tratados con agentes de sensibilización a la insulina fue menor que los de aquellos tratados con secretagogos (-212,1 ml Vs. -270,2 ml; p=0,039), y lo mismo se registró en el volumen espiratorio forzado durante el primer segundo (-133,2 ml Vs. -174,8 ml; p>0,05), aunque dichas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. En el grupo de pacientes tratados con agentes de sensibilización a la insulina, las concentraciones de ferritina y del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa fueron menores (p<0,01). Conclusión. Los resultados de este estudio respaldan la hipótesis de que los agentes de sensibilización a la insulina estarían asociados con un menor deterioro de la función pulmonar y una menor inflamación sistémica en los pacientes diabéticos. Asimismo, sirve como base para la formulación de nuevas hipótesis y trabajos de investigación.Q4276-284Introduction: There is no clear relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and lung function decline; it is also unclear whether the type of treatment can modify spirometric variables and levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Objectives: To compare pulmonary function in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with an insulin-sensitizing agent (metformin) and in those treated with secretagogues, as well as combined with insulin, and to evaluate differences in inflammatory biomarkers between treatment groups. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analytic study in 196 diabetic patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus. Spirometric variables and levels of inflammatory biomarkers (ferritin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), were obtained. Residual values (observed minus expected) for forced vital capacity and for forced expiratory volume were calculated and compared between treatment types. Differences in median levels of biomarkers were also compared. Results: After adjustment by known determinants of lung function, and by the control and duration of type 2 diabetes, patients treated with the insulin-sensitizing agent had statistically significant lower differences against expected values for forced vital capacity compared with secretagogues (-212.1 ml vs 270.2 ml, p=0.039), as well as for forced expiratory volume , but without statistical significance (-133.2 mL vs -174.8 mL, p>0.05). In the group of patients treated with the insulin-sensitizing agent, ferritin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were lower (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that insulin-sensitizing agents appear to be associated with less deterioration of lung function and less systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes. The present study serves to formulate new hypothesis and research projects

Factors associated with allergic rhinitis in colombian subpopulations aged 1 to 17 and 18 to 59

Background: Several studies have shown variations in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) around the world, and different potential predisposing factors. More studies are needed on risk factors, specifically in developing countries. This study explored the association of several factors and AR among urban residents in six cities of Colombia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study and a nested case-control study were carried out between 2009 and 2010 involving two Colombian subpopulations: children/adolescents and adults. Cases were affirmative respondents to “In the past 12 months, have you (or your child) had a problem with sneezing or a running or blocked nose, when you (or your child) did not have a cold or the flu?” “Controls” were subjects who never had been diagnosed with asthma, AR or atopic eczema by a physician, and whom did not report any symptoms in the past twelve months. Weighted logistic regression was used to assess the association of different factors with case/control status. Results: Factors associated with AR in children/adolescents were family history of AR, acetaminophen consumption and high socioeconomic status. Among adults, family history of asthma, AR and atopic eczema, and cetaminophen consumption were associated with AR. Consumption of cereals among children/adolescents and eating eggs among adults showed protective associations. Conclusions: Our findings suggest the presence of previously unknown cultural, environmental and family factors associated with the presence of AR in Colombia. © 2016, AMC. All rights reserved

Comparison of the pulmonary function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin injections versus that of patients treated with oral hypoglucemic agents

Introducción: la potencial asociación entre el tipo de tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y alteración de la función pulmonar es algo poco estudiado hasta ahora. Objetivos: comparar la función pulmonar de pacientes con DM2 que reciben tratamiento con insulina inyectable versus hipoglicemiantes orceles (HO). Determinar si niveles de marcadores de inflamación en pacientes con tratamiento basado en insulina son diferentes a los de los tratados con HO. Métodos: estudio observational analítico de corte transversal a partir de una muestra de conveniencia de 369 pacientes con diagnóstico de DM2, y tratamiento con insulina o HO. Se realizaron espirometrías, y se obtuvieron valores residuales promedios para VEF1, CVF y relación VEF1/CVF. Mediante regresión lineal múltiple, se ajustó por diferencias en determinantes conocidos de la función pulmonar, así como por control de la diabetes y tiempo desde el diagnóstico. Adicionalmente, se midieron niveles de marcadores inflamatorios sanguíneos para cada grupo de tratamiento. Resultados: 63 pacientes (17%) recibían tratamiento con insulina y 306 (83%) con HO. La diferencia en residuales faxoreció a los tratados con HO. Para VEF1, CVF y VEF1/CVF la diferencia fue 57.6 mL (IC95% 32.45-82.74; P 0.0047), 45.6 mL (IC95% 20.84-70.39; P 0.0231) y 0.017, (IC95% 0.01-0.02, PcO.0001), respectivamente. No hubo cambios estadísticamente significativos en marcadores de inflamación. Conclusiones: los pacientes en tratamiento con HO presentaron mejor función pulmonar que los tratados con insulina. Este hallazgo de diferencias en función pulmonar pudiera tener implicación clínica en el manejo de los pacientes diabéticos, pero debe confirmarse en estudios prospectivos.Artículo original113-118Introduction: the potential association between the type of treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and impaired lung function is something rarely studied so far. Objectives: to compare the lung function of patients with DM2 who are treated with injectable insulin versus HO. To determine whether levels of inflammatory markers in patients with insulin-based treatment are different from those treated with HO. Methods: an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study from a convenience sample of 369 patients diagnosed with DM2 and treated with insulin or HO. Spirometry was performed, and residual values were averaged for FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratios. Multiple linear regression results were adjusted by differences in known determinants of lung function, as well as control of diabetes and time since diagnosis. Additionally, we measured blood levels of inflammatory markers for each treatment group. Results: 63 patients (17%) were treated with insulin and 306 (83%) with OH. The difference in residual favored those treated with HO. For FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC the difference was 57.6 mL (95% CI 32.45 to 82.74, P 0.0047), 45.6 mL (95% CI 20.84 to 70.39, P 0.0231) and 0.017 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.02, P <0.0001), respectively. There were no statistically significant changes in inflammation markers. Conclusions: patients treated with HO showed better lung function than those treated with insulin. This finding of differences in lung function may have clinical implications in the management of diabetic patients, but needs to be confirmed in prospective studies

Diabetes mellitus type 2 and deterioration of pulmonary function

Introducción: un aspecto poco estudiado de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2), es su posible asociación con alteraciones de la función pulmonar. Estudios recientes han mostrado niveles mayores de marcadores de inflamación sistémica de bajo nivel en pacientes con DM 2, lo que también podría afectar la función pulmonar. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la función pulmonar de personas con DM 2 es diferente de la función pulmonar de un grupo control sin DM. Población y método: se realizó un estudio observacional transversal, comunitario, en diabéticos y en controles sanos, apareados por estratos de edad y sexo. Los controles fueron vecinos de cada diabético, del mismo sexo y grupo de edad, sin DM. La muestra de diabéticos se seleccionó de la población de pacientes que consultan a la Asociación Colombiana de Diabetes (ACD) en Bogotá. Se comprobó el estatus de diabético y de control sano mediante las pruebas de glucemia en ayunas y glucemia poscarga de glucosa. Se realizaron curvas de flujo volumen tanto para los diabéticos como para los controles, y de acuerdo con los valores de referencia obtenido por Hankinson para mexicoamericanos se obtuvieron valores residuales promedios (observado – esperado) para VEF1, CVF y relación VEF1/CVF. Mediante regresión lineal múltiple se ajustó por diferencias en determinantes conocidos de la función pulmonar (edad, sexo, talla, tabaquismo, exposición a humo de leña). Resultados: se estudiaron 262 diabéticos y 262 sujetos sanos. En los diabéticos así como en los controles sanos, la proporción de mujeres fue 51% y el promedio de edad fue de 50 años. Después de ajustar por determinantes conocidos de la función pulmonar, los casos de DM2 tuvieron menor VEF1 (-91 mL, IC95%: -115, -74; P<0.0001), CVF (-212 mL, IC95%: -225, -199; P<0,0001), y mayor relación VEF1/CVF (0.030%, IC95%: 0.027 a 0.034, P<0.0001) que los controles sin DM. Conclusiones: los pacientes con DM2 presentaron menor CVF y VEF1 que personas sin diabetes mellitus, aún después de ajustar por determinantes conocidos de la función pulmonar incluyendo factores de riesgo. Estos hallazgos pueden estar dados por mayores niveles de marcadores de inflamación aguda y crónica de baja intensidad vistos en pacientes con DM2, y por alteraciones de los músculos respiratorios.Artículo original105-110Introduction: potential impairment of lung function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) patients has been insufficiently studied. Recent studies have shown increased levels of low intensity inflammatory markers in diabetic patients, which may affect pulmonary function. The objective of this study was to determine if lung function of patients with DM2 is different from that of patients without DM. Patients and method: this was a community based observational cross-sectional study in adult patients with DM2, and in age and sex-matched controls without DM2. The base source from which diabetics were selected was that of the Asociacion Colombiana de Diabetes in Bogotá. In all subjects, blood samples were taken for fasting blood glucose and glycosilated hemoglobin levels, and pulmonary function tests were performed. Mean residual values were obtained for FEV1, FVC and VEF1/CVF relation, both for diabetics and for controls, and multiple least squares regression was used to adjust for differences in known determinants of lung function (age, sex, height, smoking history, and wood smoke exposure). Results: data were obtained from 262 diabetics and 262 controls. The proportion of women was 51% and average age was 50 years, both for diabetics and controls. After adjustments with linear regression, diabetics had lower VEF1 (-91 mL, IC95%: -115, -74; P<0.0001), CVF (-212 mL, IC95%: -225, -199; P<0,0001), y higher VEF1/CVF relation (0.030%, IC95%: 0.027 a 0.034, P<0.0001). Conclusions: subjects with DM2 had lower forced vital capacity (FVC) and lower forced expiratory volume in one second (VEF1) than those without DM2, even after adjustment by known determinants of lung function, including risk factors. These findings may be associated with higher levels of inflammation mediators in DM2 patients

Inadequate glucose control in type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired lung function and systemic inflammation: a cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Inadequate glucose control may be simultaneously associated with inflammation and decreased lung function in type 2 diabetes. We evaluated if lung function is worse in patients with inadequate glucose control, and if inflammatory markers are simultaneously increased in these subjects.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Subjects were selected at the Colombian Diabetes Association Center in Bogotá. Pulmonary function tests were performed and mean residual values were obtained for forced expiratory volume (FEV₁₎, forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV₁/FVC, with predicted values based on those derived by Hankinson et al. for Mexican-Americans. Multiple least-squares regression was used to adjust for differences in known determinants of lung function. We measured blood levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA_1c), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), fibrinogen, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (C-RP).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>495 diabetic patients were studied, out of which 352 had inadequate control (HBA_1c> 7%). After adjusting for known determinants of lung function, those with inadequate control had lower FEV₁(-75.4 mL, IC95%: -92, -59; P < 0.0001) and FVC (-121 mL, IC95%: -134, -108; P < 0,0001) mean residuals, and higher FEV₁/FVC (0.013%, IC95%: 0.009, 0.018, P < 0.0001) residuals than those with adequate control, as well as increased levels of all inflammatory markers (P < 0.05), with the exception of IL-6.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Subjects with type 2 diabetes and inadequate control had lower FVC and FEV₁than predicted and than those of subjects with adequate control. It is postulated that poorer pulmonary function may be associated with increased levels of inflammatory mediators.</p

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality