Energy-Efficient Building Retrofits: An Assessment of Regulatory Proposals under Uncertainty

Improving energy efficiency in European Union buildings will require retrofitting much of the existing stock due to limited new construction opportunities. Given uncertainty in energy prices and technology costs stemming from deregulation, a stochastic optimisation framework is desirable for long-term decision support. We synthesise treatment of uncertainty and risk management to obtain insights about the impact of retrofits on energy consumption, costs, CO2 emissions, and risk at real buildings in Austria and Spain. The optimal strategy for the Spanish site is to invest in photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies. This lowers expected costs by 8.5% and reduces expected primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 20% relative to using existing equipment. By limiting exposure to volatile energy prices, the strategy also yields a nearly 10% reduction in risk. We obtain similar results also for the Austrian site. Via this framework, tradeoffs among competing objectives and the effectiveness of proposed regulation may be assessed. Specifically, we find that more stringent restrictions on energy efficiency are economically viable if regulation also facilitates enhanced operational decision support for buildings. Indeed, primary energy consumption can be lowered only through more on-site generation such as combined heat and power, which is more complex for building managers to deploy

Optimal Operation of Combined Heat and Power under Uncertainty and Risk Aversion

Despite the proven benefits of combined heat and power (CHP) and recently introduced subsidies to support it, CHP adoption has not met its targets. One of the possible reasons for this is risk from uncertain electricity and gas prices. To gain insights into the risk management of a CHP unit, we develop a multi-stage stochastic mean-risk optimisation model for the medium-term management of a distributed generation system with a gas-fired microturbine with heat recovery and a boiler. The model adopts the perspective of a large consumer that procures gas (for on-site generation) and electricity (for consumption) on the spot and futures markets. The consumer's risk aversion is incorporated into the model through the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) measure. We show that CHP not only decreases the consumer's expected cost and risk exposure by 10% each but also improves expected energy efficiency by 4 percentage points and decreases expected CO2 emissions by 16%. The risk exposure can be further mitigated through the use of financial contracts

Evaluation of Food Waste at a Portuguese Geriatric Institution

Care institutions attending to older adults are responsible for their food supply, which influences their health and quality of life. Food waste at care institutions has been reported to be a matter of great concern, that requires regular monitoring. In this study, we aim to quantify food waste in the food service of an elderly institution, both as leftovers and plate waste. Data collection was performed over 15 consecutive days, at lunch and dinner served to older adults. The aggregate weighing of food was performed before and after distribution, as well as after consumption. Leftovers and plate waste were calculated by the differences in weight. During the study period, 2987 meals were evaluated, corresponding to 1830 kg of food produced, of which only 67% was consumed. For each meal, approximately 610 g of food was produced per older adult, and only about 410 g were consumed, corresponding to 150 g of leftovers and 50 g of plate waste. Food waste represented 36.1% of meals served, composed of 24.1% leftovers and 12.0% plate waste. The wasted meals would be enough to feed 1486 older adults and would correspond to annual losses of approximately euro107,112. Leftovers and plate waste were above the limits of acceptability (below 6% and 10%, respectively), indicating excessive food waste. High values of leftovers are related to the food service system and staff, pointing to the need for improvements during the planning and processing of meals. On the other hand, high plate waste values are associated with consumers, indicating the low adequacy of the menu regarding to older adults' habits and preferences

Market Impacts of Energy Storage in a Transmission-Constrained Power System

—Environmental concerns have motivated governments in the European Union and elsewhere to set ambitious targets for generation from renewable energy (RE) technologies and to offer subsidies for their adoption along with priority grid access. However, because RE technologies like solar and wind power are intermittent, their penetration places greater strain on existing conventional power plants that need to ramp up more often. In turn, energy storage technologies, e.g., pumped hydro storage or compressed air storage, are proposed to offset the intermittency of RE technologies and to facilitate their integration into the grid. We assess the economic and environmental consequences of storage via a complementarity model of a stylized Western European power system with market power, representation of the transmission grid, and uncertainty in RE output. Although storage helps to reduce congestion and ramping costs, it may actually increase greenhouse gas emissions from conventional power plants in a perfectly competitive setting. Conversely, strategic use of storage by producers renders it less effective at curbing both congestion and ramping costs, while having no net overall impact on emissions

Optimal Selection of Distributed Energy Resources under Uncertainty and Risk Aversion

The adoption of small-scale electricity generation has been hindered by uncertain electricity and gas prices. In order to overcome this barrier to investment, we develop a mean-risk optimization model for the long-term risk management problem of an energy consumer using stochastic programming. The consumer can invest in a number of generation technologies, and also has access to electricity and gas futures to reduce its risk. We examine the role of on-site generation in the consumer’s risk management strategy, as well as interactions between on-site generation and financial hedges. Our study shows that by swapping electricity (with high price volatility) for gas (with low price volatility), even relatively inefficient technologies reduce risk exposure and CO _2 emissions. The capability of on-site generation is enhanced through the use of combined heat and power (CHP) applications. In essence, by investing in a CHP unit, a consumer obtains the option to use on-site generation whenever the electricity price peaks, thereby reducing its financial risk. Finally, in contrast to the extant literature, we demonstrate that on-site generation affects the consumer’s decision to purchase financial hedges. In particular, while on-site generation and electricity futures may act as substitutes, on-site generation and gas futures can function as complements

Heart Rate Variability during Plateau Waves of Intracranial Pressure: a pilot descriptive study

This study aims to describe heart rate variability during the first episode of plateau waves of intracranial pressure (ICP) in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in order to characterize and identify at bedside this cerebrovascular phenomenon. The general behavior of the heart rate variability (HRV) spectral measures expressed in the medians across patients is concordant with an increased HRV in the latter part of the baseline and plateau wave, followed by a decrease after the event and a new increase during the recovery. In low and high frequency bands the same increase is more marked in the parametric analysis. Interpretation of HRV may help clinicians to better identify the plateau waves and allow earlier management

Improving Energy Efficiency via Smart Building Energy Management Systems: A Comparison with Policy Measures

To foster the transition to more sustainable energy systems, policymakers have been approving measures to improve energy efficiency as well as promoting smart grids. In this setting, building managers are encouraged to adapt their energy operations to real-time market and weather conditions. Yet, most fail to do so as they rely on conventional building energy management systems (BEMS) that have static temperature set points for heating and cooling equipment. In this paper, we investigate how effective policy measures are at improving building-level energy efficiency compared to a smart BEMS with dynamic temperature set points. To this end, we present an integrated optimisation model mimicking the smart BEMS that combines decisions on heating and cooling systems operations with decisions on energy sourcing. Using data from an Austrian and a Spanish building, we find that the smart BEMS results in greater reduction in energy consumption than a conventional BEMS with policy measures

Probing empirical contact networks by simulation of spreading dynamics

Disease, opinions, ideas, gossip, etc. all spread on social networks. How these networks are connected (the network structure) influences the dynamics of the spreading processes. By investigating these relationships one gains understanding both of the spreading itself and the structure and function of the contact network. In this chapter, we will summarize the recent literature using simulation of spreading processes on top of empirical contact data. We will mostly focus on disease simulations on temporal proximity networks -- networks recording who is close to whom, at what time -- but also cover other types of networks and spreading processes. We analyze 29 empirical networks to illustrate the methods