Age differences in the use of implicit visual cues in a response time task

Background: Many activities require a complex interrelationship between a performer and stimuli available in the environment without explicit perception, but many aspects regarding developmental changes in the use of implicit cues remain unknown. Aim: To investigate the use of implicit visual precueing presented at different time intervals in children, adolescents, and adults. Method: Seventy-two people, male and female, constituted four age groups: 8-, 10- and 12-year-olds and adults. Participants performed 32 trials, four-choice-time task across four conditions: no precue and a 43 ms centralized dot appearing in the stimulus circle at 43, 86 or 129 ms prior the stimulus. Response times were obtained for each trial and pooled into each condition. Results: Response times for 8-year-olds were longer than for 12-year-olds and adults and for 10-year-olds were longer than for adults. Response times were longer in the no precue condition compared to when precues were presented at 86 and 129 ms before the stimulus. Response times were longer when precue was presented at 43 ms compared presented at 129 ms before the stimulus. Interpretation: Implicit precues reduce response time in children, adolescents and adults, but young children benefit less from implicit precues than adolescents and adults

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO MERCADO CONSUMIDOR DO PEQUI (CARYOCAR BRASILIENSE CAMB.), EM GOIÂNIA - GO

O pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) é um fruto nativo com ocorrência generalizada no Bioma Cerrado. O consumo e comercialização do fruto "in natura" e de seus derivados, com importância sócio-econômica, geram renda e emprego para agricultores familiares e trabalhadores com pouca qualificação profissional. Entretanto, a exploração sustentável desta atividade encontra-se ameaçada pelo desconhecimento do mercado consumidor, inexistência de padrões de qualidade na comercialização, dispersão, desarticulação e informalidade dos agentes e segmentos do arranjo extrativista. Visando gerar informações que contribuam para o fortalecimento da cadeia extrativista e o desenvolvimento sustentável, este trabalho teve como objetivos identificar e caracterizar os agentes consumidores de pequi no principal centro consumidor: Goiânia. Constatou-se que, em Goiânia, existe mercado de consumo empresarial, formado por restaurantes além dos consumidores finais que adquirem o produto em feiras e de ambulantes. ---------------------------------------------The “pequi” (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) is a traditional fruit in the culture of the inhabitants of the Brazilian Savanna which is still harvested from wild trees. The sustainable use of this species is at the moment threatened by limitations such as: the lack of knowledge of type of products commercialized, and dispersion and disarticulation of the main agents members of the chain of the fruit collectors; besides the general informality in component agents. On the other hand its use vitalizes the economy of several counties in Goiás, capable of contributing to a sustainable territorial development from a social and environmental point of view. At present, the consume and commercialization of the fruit “in natura” and its derivates (preserves, oil, liqueur, soap, etc) have great socio-economic significance: it is used in various typical dishes and is a symbol of the local gastronomy, besides complementing the diet of the agricultural population and generating income and jobs to a sizeable parcel of family farmers. This study has as its main goal the discussion about the consumer market of the fruits and derivates in Goiânia, state of Goiás.Caryocar brasiliense, pequi, mercado consumidor, consumidor final, Caryocar brasiliense, pequi, commercialization, consumer market, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Central-West Siberian-breeding Bar-tailed Godwits (<i>Limosa lapponica</i>) segregate in two morphologically distinct flyway populations

Long-distance migratory species often include multiple breeding populations, with distinct migration routes, wintering areas and annual-cycle timing. Detailed knowledge on population structure and migratory connectivity provides the basis for studies on the evolution of migration strategies and for species conservation. Currently, five subspecies of Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica have been described. However, with two apparently separate breeding and wintering areas, the taxonomic status of the subspecies L. l. taymyrensis remains unclear. Here we compare taymyrensis Bar-tailed Godwits wintering in the Middle East and West Africa, respectively, with respect to migration behaviour, breeding area, morphology and population genetic differentation in mitochondrial DNA. By tracking 52 individuals from wintering and staging areas over multiple years, we show that Bar-tailed Godwits wintering in the Middle East bred on the northern West-Siberian Plain (n = 19), while birds from West Africa bred further east, mostly on the Taimyr Peninsula (n = 12). The two groups differed significantly in body size and shape, and also in the timing of both northward and southward migrations. However, they were not genetically differentiated, indicating that the phenotypic (i.e. geographical, morphological and phenological) differences arose either very recently or without current reproductive isolation. We conclude that the taymyrensis taxon consists of two distinct populations with mostly non-overlapping flyways, which warrant treatment as separate taxonomic units. We propose to distinguish a more narrowly defined taymyrensis subspecies (i.e. the Bar-tailed Godwits wintering in West Africa and breeding on Taimyr), from a new subspecies (i.e. the birds wintering in the Middle East and breeding on the northern West-Siberian Plain)

COVID-19 genetic risk variants are associated with expression of multiple genes in diverse immune cell types

ABSTRACTCommon genetic polymorphisms associated with severity of COVID-19 illness can be utilized for discovering molecular pathways and cell types driving disease pathogenesis. Here, we assessed the effects of 679 COVID-19-risk variants on gene expression in a wide-range of immune cell types. Severe COVID-19-risk variants were significantly associated with the expression of 11 protein-coding genes, and overlapped with either target gene promoter or cis-regulatory regions that interact with target promoters in the cell types where their effects are most prominent. For example, we identified that the association between variants in the 3p21.31 risk locus and the expression of CCR2 in classical monocytes is likely mediated through an active cis-regulatory region that interacted with CCR2 promoter specifically in monocytes. The expression of several other genes showed prominent genotype-dependent effects in non-classical monocytes, NK cells, B cells, or specific T cell subtypes, highlighting the potential of COVID-19 genetic risk variants to impact the function of diverse immune cell types and influence severe disease manifestations.</jats:p

Prevalência e fatores associados ao ganho de peso gestacional excessivo em unidades de saúde do sudoeste da Bahia

RESUMO: Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência do ganho de peso semanal excessivo em gestantes e verificar a associação com fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, obstétricos, antropométricos e comportamentais. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 328 gestantes assistidas em todas as unidades de saúde da zona urbana de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Os dados foram coletados no período de maio de 2010 a junho de 2011. O ganho de peso semanal foi avaliado de acordo com as recomendações atuais do Institute of Medicine (IOM). A associação entre os fatores em estudo e o ganho de peso semanal excessivo foi verificada nas gestantes, no segundo e terceiro trimestres, por meio da análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: A prevalência de ganho de peso semanal excessivo nas gestantes do segundo e terceiro trimestres foi de 42,5%. Os fatores determinantes do ganho ponderal semanal excessivo foram: renda familiar < 1 salário mínimo (RP: 2,65; IC95% 1,18 - 4,83) e estado nutricional pré-gestacional sobrepeso/obesidade (RP: 1,33; IC95% 1,01 - 1,75). Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo reforçam a importância do monitoramento do ganho de peso durante a gestação. A avaliação do ganho de peso semanal possibilita a realização de intervenções precoces visando a prevenção do ganho de peso total excessivo e suas consequências para a mãe e para a criança

INNOVA Research Journal

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo determinar la importancia del Órgano de Solución de Diferencias de la OMC dentro de las negociaciones sobre el acceso a los mercados internacionales. El área que se está investigando es el funcionamiento de la OMC especialmente, cómo esta resuelve las diferencias entre países, especialmente teniendo en cuenta el análisis de costo-beneficio que se incurre. La investigación se lleva a cabo a través de la revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias con un enfoque cualitativo y comparativo así como perspectiva analítica y descriptiva. El resultado que se obtuvo después de estudiar dos casos específicamente en Ecuador, nos muestra cómo el organismo proporciona buenas oportunidades de desarrollo comercial a nivel mundial con ahorro de recursos. Se recomienda que los países hagan conciencia y permitan que estos organismos les asesoren al momento de tomar decisiones y resolver conflictos en búsqueda de un comercio más eficaz y eficiente