As práticas corporais de aventura nas aulas de Educação Física escolar: uma revisão de escopo

Introduction: Adventure body practices comprise different activities that are performed in contact with nature; however, there are few studies about this topic, because it is still underdeveloped in the school context. Nevertheless, since 2017, the theme is mentioned in the documents that guide Physical Education teaching. Therefore, it is important to understand the objectives, results and conclusions that recent studies point out about these practices. Objective: to investigate the scientific productions about adventure body practices in School Physical Education from 2012 to 2022. Methodology: this is a scope review study that uses the following indicators: adventure body practices, adventure sports, radical sports, adventure activities, sports in nature, Physical Education, school Physical Education and school. This study considers the articles published since 2012, available in different databases. Results: in the last 10 years, there were 33 studies written about adventure body practices in the school context, and 22 of these publications were chosen for this analysis. The chosen productions point to a lack of original studies about adventure body practices in school Physical Education, in addition to several possibilities and difficulties to teach these activities at school. Conclusion: there are several possibilities and challenges that require further studies to understand the teaching of adventure body practices.Introducción: Las prácticas corporales de aventura comprenden diferentes prácticas que se realizan en contacto con la naturaleza, sin embargo todavía son un contenido poco estudiado y desarrollado en el contexto escolar. A No obstante, desde del 2017 el tema está presente en los documentos que orientan la enseñanza de la Educación Física. escolar. Entonces, es importante comprender los objetivos, resultados y conclusiones que estudios más recientes señalan sobre estas prácticas. Objetivo: caracterizar la producción científica de conocimiento sobre prácticas corporales de aventura en las clases de Educación Física en los últimos 10 años, desde 2012 hasta 2022. Método: se trata de un estudio de revisión del alcance en lo cual se utilizaron los seguientes descriptores: prácticas corporales de aventura, deportes de aventura, deportes extremos, actividades de aventura, deportes en la naturaleza, Educación Física, Educación Física escolar y escuela, considerando los artículos publicados desde 2012 disponibles en diferentes bases de datos. Resultados: se identificaron 33 publicaciones que tratan de las prácticas corporales de aventura en el contexto escolar, y se eligieron 22 estudios para el análisis. Los resultados apuntan a una escasez de estudios originales sobre el tema en las clases de Educación Física, además de varias posibilidades y dificultades en la enseñanza de estas prácticas en la enseñanza escolar. Conclusión: las prácticas corporales de aventura contemplan una serie de posibilidades y desafíos que requieren de mayores estudios para comprenderlos en el ámbito escolar.Introdução: as práticas corporais de aventura compreendem diferentes práticas que são realizadas em contato com a natureza, porém ainda são um conteúdo pouco estudado e desenvolvido no contexto escolar. Desde 2017, entretanto, o tema está presente nos documentos que norteiam o ensino da Educação Física escolar. Sendo assim, é importante compreender os objetivos, resultados e conclusões que estudos mais recentes apontam sobre essas práticas. Objetivo: caracterizar a produção científica do conhecimento sobre as práticas corporais de aventura nas aulas de Educação Física escolar nos últimos 10 anos, de 2012 a 2022. Método: trata-se de um estudo de revisão de escopo no qual utilizaram-se os seguintes descritores: práticas corporais de aventura, esportes de aventura, esportes radicais, atividades de aventura, esportes na natureza, Educação Física, Educação Física escolar e escola, considerando os artigos publicados desde 2012 disponíveis em diferentes bases de dados. Resultados: foram identificadas 33 publicações que tratam das práticas corporais de aventura no contexto escolar, sendo eleitos 22 estudos para análise. Os resultados apontam para uma escassez de estudos originais sobre o tema nas aulas de Educação Física, além de diversas possibilidades e dificuldades no ensino dessas práticas no ensino escolar. Conclusão: as práticas corporais de aventura contemplam uma série de possibilidades e desafios que necessitam de novos estudos para sua compreensão no âmbito escolar

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. METHODS: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. FINDINGS: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. INTERPRETATION: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Associação do autoconceito, autoeficácia e qualidade de vida de jovens praticantes de basquetebol de Curitiba

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Valdomiro de OliveiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação. Defesa : Curitiba, 27/03/2020Inclui referências: p. 97-106Resumo: Em Curitiba existem diversos ambientes onde é ofertada a prática do basquetebol para adolescentes, escolas, clubes e centros da prefeitura. Esses indivíduos são influenciados pelas variáveis do Autoconceito (AC), que é a visão de si mesmo, Autoeficácia (AE), que é a percepção que o indivíduo tem de sua performance em uma determinada tarefa, e a Qualidade de Vida (QV), que é a percepção relacionada ao bemestar associado a fatores culturais, contextuais e particulares de cada pessoa. Objetivos: Verificar a associação do AC e AE com a QV de jovens praticantes e não praticantes de basquetebol. Método: Pesquisa descritiva de cunho transversal aplicada a uma abordagem quantitativa. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: 1) Ficha descritiva; 2) Formulário Socioeconômico (ABEP, 2018); 3) Questionário para a percepção de QV relacionada à saúde de crianças e adolescentes kidscreen-52; 3) Escala de AE geral percebida; 4) Escala Multidimensional de AC; 5) Questionário de Qualidade de Vida de Atletas QQVA. A normalidade dos dados foi examinada por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk. A seguir foi realizado o teste U de Mann-Whtiney, para dados não paramétricos, para comparações entre grupos e entre a distribuição de categorias, e por fim será realizada a Regressão Linear Multivariável para verificar a possível associação do Autoconceito e da Autoeficácia com a Qualidade de vida em cada grupo, com significância de p?0,5. Amostra: Grupos de praticantes de basquetebol, totalizando 197, do sexo masculino e feminino, e grupo de não praticantes, com 89 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos do sexo masculino e feminino. Resultados: Evidencia dos escores superiores dos praticantes nas dimensões como Qualidade de vida geral (p<0,001), saúde e atividade física (p<0,001), sentimentos (p<0,001), autonomia e tempo livre (p<0,001), família/ambiente familiar (p<0,001), amigos e apoio social (p<0,001) e ambiente escolar (p<0,001). Por outro lado, o grupo de praticantes apresentou menores escores para o domínio Emocional (p<0,001). Encontrou-se associação do AC e AE com a QV. Os dados demonstraram que o grupo de praticantes tem melhores escores associados ao AC e apresentou maiores escores para os domínios Acadêmico (p<0,001), Social (p=0,004) e Físico (p<0,001) e menores escores para o domínio Emocional (p= 0,028). Maiores escores de AE também foram visualizados para o grupo de praticantes em comparação ao de não praticantes (p<0,001). Considerações finais: os dados obtidos mostraram haver diferenças significativas do ponto de vista quantitativo, elucidando que o praticante de basquetebol desta idade pode ter melhores percepções de seu AC, AE e de sua QV comparado aos não praticantes e que a boa percepção de AC e AE foi associada à QV. PALAVRAS CHAVE: autoconceito, autoeficácia, qualidade de vida, adolescentes e basquetebol.Abstract: In Curitiba there are several environments where basketball practice is offered to teenagers, schools, clubs and city hall centers, these individuals are influenced by the variables of the Self-concept (SC), which is the vision of yourself, Self-efficacy (SE) that it is the individual's perception of his performance in a given task and the Quality of Life (QL), which is the perception related to well-being associated with cultural, contextual and particular factors of each person. Objectives: Check the association of SC and SE with QL of Young Practitioners and non-practitioners of basketball. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional research applied to a quantitative approach. The instruments used were: 1) Descriptive sheet; 2) Socioeconomic Form (ABEP, 2018); 3) Questionnaire for the perception of QOL related to the health of children and adolescents kidscreen-52; 3) Questionnaire for the perceived general SE scale; 4) Multidimensional SC scale; 5) AQQA Athletes' Quality of Life questionnaire. The normality of the data was examined using the Shapiro - Wilk test, after the Mann-Whtiney U test was performed, for nonparametric data, for comparisons between groups and between the distribution of categories and finally, Regression will be performed Multivariable linear to verify the possible association of Selfconcept, Self-efficacy and Quality of life in each group with a significance of p?0.5. Sample: Groups of basketball practitioners totaling 197, male and female and group of non-practitioners with 89 male and female adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Results: General quality of life (p <0.001) health and physical activity (p <0.001), feelings (p <0.001), autonomy and free time (p <0.001), family / family environment (p <0.001), friends and social support (p <0.001) and school environment (p <0.001). On the other hand, the group of practitioners had lower scores for the Emotional domain (p <0.001). Associations were found in QL domains related to SE and SC, the data showed that the group of practitioners had better scores associated with SC, the group of practitioners had higher scores for the Academic domain (p <0.001), Social (p = 0.004) and physical (p <0.001) and lower scores for the Emotional domain (p = 0.028). Higher SE scores were also seen for the group of practitioners compared to those of non-practitioners (p <0.001). Final considerations: the data obtained showed significant differences from the quantitative point of view, elucidating that basketball players of this age may have better perceptions of their SC, SE and their QL compared to non-practitioners and that the good perception of SC and SE was associated with QL. KEY WORDS: self-concept, self-efficacy, quality of life, adolescents and basketball

Sertão e Narração: Guimarães Rosa, Glauber Rocha e seus desenredos Sertão (backland) and Narration: Guimarães Rosa, Glauber Rocha and their plots

Este texto busca verificar as formas de construção da nação em Grande Sertão: veredas, de Guimarães Rosa, e Deus e o Diabo na terra do sol, de Glauber Rocha. Utilizando autores como Homi Bhabha, Stuart Hall, Walter Mignolo, Veena Das, o texto indaga de que forma esses autores construíram o sertão.<br>This text tries to verify how the nation was constructed in Grande sertão: veredas [The Devil to Pay in the Backlands] by Guimarães Rosa, and Deus e o Diabo na terra do sol [Black God, White Devil] by Glauber Rocha. By analyzing authors as Homi Bhabha, Stuart Hall and Walter Mignolo, the text inquires how these authors had constructed the sertão (backland)

Mídia e política no Brasil: textos e agenda de pesquisa Midia and politics in Brazil: texts and research agenda

Um especialista em estudos de comunicação e um cientista político apresentam conjuntamente um panorama da pesquisa sobre as relações entre os meios de comunicação e os processos políticos no Brasil. Uma agenda de pesquisa é proposta e um elenco de textos nessa área é apresentado.<br>A specialist in communication studies and a political scientist present together a panorama of research on the relations between communication midia and political processes in Brazil A research agenda is proposed and a list of texts in this area is presented

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundEstimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period.Methods22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution.FindingsGlobal all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations.InterpretationGlobal adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic