Korematsu and Beyond: Japanese Americans and the Origins of Strict Scrutiny

The authors examine the role that the Japanese American Citizens League played in the development of the strict scrutiny doctrine partly responsible for the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. The plight of Japanese Americans during their WWII internment gave them experience in implementing this doctrine, which they passed on to the NAACP

Payload spin assembly for the commercial Titan launch vehicle

A contract was completed to design, build, and test a Payload Spin Assembly (PSA) for installation onto the Martin Marietta Titan 3 Commercial launch vehicle. This assembly provides launch support for satellite payloads up to 5783 kilograms (6.37 tons) and controls release, spin-up, and final separation of the satellite from the second stage. Once separated, the satellite's Perigee Kick Motor (PKM) boosts the satellite into its transfer orbit. The first successful flight occurred December 31, 1989. Requirements, design, test, and problems associated with this mechanical assembly are discussed

Organizational Process Safety: Taking Process Safety to the Next Level

PresentationProcess safety management relies on multiple models for the safe manufacture, storage, use and transportation of highly hazardous chemicals. For the most part these models are little more than a checklist of activities that, at best, create a fractured strategy for preventing catastrophic incidents. To manage process safety at a world-class level, organizations need to develop their culture and capabilities around process safety. These two elements help integrate the overall system and move process safety to the next level

The effects of school cultural variables on the implementation of innovations in special education service delivery

The purpose of this study was to determine if schools successful in implementing innovations associated with the Renewed Service Delivery System (RSDS) exhibit a specific set of values and norms. Values and behavioral norms were assessed in schools, through the administration to staff of a school culture audit, developed by Taylor (1991), including additional items designed to examine behavioral norms associated with the RSDS. The school culture audit has two sections, values and behavioral norms. There are five subscales: Group Support, Enabling, Productivity, Motivation, and Inclusivity;The school culture audits were administered to 477 regular education teachers, 81 special education teachers, and the 40 building administrators in 43 elementary schools. These elementary schools were determined to be High-user RSDS schools (N = 22) and Low-user RSDS schools (N = 23);Means and standard deviations for the five values and norms subscales were calculated for all schools. Repeated measures analysis of variance procedures were used to test for differences between schools. Differences in the following were examined: (1) the five subscales of values and behavioral norms of all schools, (2) the five subscales of values and behavioral norms of High-user RSDS schools and Low-user RSDS schools, (3) the Inclusivity Values Subscale and the Inclusivity Norms Subscales for all schools; and (4) the Inclusivity Values Subscale and the Inclusivity Norms Subscale for High- and Low-user RSDS schools;Motivation and Group Support values were very strong for staff in all schools. Significant differences were found between value subscales across the 43 schools. Group Support, Productivity, and Motivation norms were relatively strong in these schools. Significant differences were found between norm subscales across the 43 schools. Inclusivity values were significantly higher than Inclusivity norms across the 43 schools;No significant differences were found between Group Support, Enabling, Productivity, Motivation, and Inclusivity staff values in High-user and Low-user RSDS schools. This was also the case with the behavioral norms. A culture gap was found between Inclusivity values and Inclusivity norms across the 43 schools with Inclusivity values being stronger

Protostellar Disk Evolution Over Million-Year Timescales with a Prescription for Magnetized Turbulence

Magnetorotational instability (MRI) is the most promising mechanism behind accretion in low-mass protostellar disks. Here we present the first analysis of the global structure and evolution of non-ideal MRI-driven T-Tauri disks on million-year timescales. We accomplish this in a 1+1D simulation by calculating magnetic diffusivities and utilizing turbulence activity criteria to determine thermal structure and accretion rate without resorting to a 3-D magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulation. Our major findings are as follows. First, even for modest surface densities of just a few times the minimum-mass solar nebula, the dead zone encompasses the giant planet-forming region, preserving any compositional gradients. Second, the surface density of the active layer is nearly constant in time at roughly 10 g/cm2, which we use to derive a simple prescription for viscous heating in MRI-active disks for those who wish to avoid detailed MHD computations. Furthermore, unlike a standard disk with constant-alpha viscosity, the disk midplane does not cool off over time, though the surface cools as the star evolves along the Hayashi track. The ice line is firmly in the terrestrial planet-forming region throughout disk evolution and can move either inward or outward with time, depending on whether pileups form near the star. Finally, steady-state mass transport is a poor description of flow through an MRI-active disk. We caution that MRI activity is sensitive to many parameters, including stellar X-ray flux, grain size, gas/small grain mass ratio and magnetic field strength, and we have not performed an exhaustive parameter study here.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal. 19 pages, including 8 figure

An examination of the impact of COVID-19 on assessment practices in higher education

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a rapid pivot to online learning across many higher education institutions globally. This paper investigates to what extent assessment strategies changed as a result of this pivot. It explores the case of Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin) in Ireland and finds that 95% of respondents altered their assessment practices in some way. Beyond identifying changing practice, the paper also develops a TARC (Typology of Assessment Responses to COVID-19) model which shows four categories of responses. Reactors are those academics who simply moved their assessments online. Adaptive Responders modified assessments slightly for the online environment. While Opportunists are those who used the opportunity of the pandemic to implement strategies they had been considering, the Committed Innovators engage in innovation in teaching and assessment strategies on an ongoing basis and, thus, they continued to do what they always did. The key factors that were considered in the decision-making about how to alter assessment strategies were pedagogical, practical considerations and the availability of support

Cytosolic thioredoxin reductase 1 is required for correct disulfide formation in the ER

Folding of proteins entering the secretory pathway in mammalian cells frequently requires the insertion of disulfide bonds. Disulfide insertion can result in covalent linkages found in the native structure as well as those that are not, so‐called non‐native disulfides. The pathways for disulfide formation are well characterized, but our understanding of how non‐native disulfides are reduced so that the correct or native disulfides can form is poor. Here, we use a novel assay to demonstrate that the reduction in non‐native disulfides requires NADPH as the ultimate electron donor, and a robust cytosolic thioredoxin system, driven by thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1 or TXNRD1). Inhibition of this reductive pathway prevents the correct folding and secretion of proteins that are known to form non‐native disulfides during their folding. Hence, we have shown for the first time that mammalian cells have a pathway for transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the ER, which is required to ensure correct disulfide formation in proteins entering the secretory pathway