Increasing levels of the endocannabinoid 2-AG is neuroprotective in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Date of Acceptance: 28/07/2015 The authors are grateful to the staff of the Medical Research Facility for their help with the animal care. This work was supported by the NHS Endowment fund 09/03 and the Wellcome Trust (WT080782MF). We thank Merck & Co. Inc., Rathway NJ, USA for the supply of DFU.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Children's suggestibility in relation to their understanding about sources of knowledge

In the experiments reported here, children chose either to maintain their initial belief about an object's identity or to accept the experimenter's contradicting suggestion. Both 3– to 4–year–olds and 4– to 5–year–olds were good at accepting the suggestion only when the experimenter was better informed than they were (implicit source monitoring). They were less accurate at recalling both their own and the experimenter's information access (explicit recall of experience), though they performed well above chance. Children were least accurate at reporting whether their final belief was based on what they were told or on what they experienced directly (explicit source monitoring). Contrasting results emerged when children decided between contradictory suggestions from two differentially informed adults: Three– to 4–year–olds were more accurate at reporting the knowledge source of the adult they believed than at deciding which suggestion was reliable. Decision making in this observation task may require reflective understanding akin to that required for explicit source judgments when the child participates in the task

2-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)naphtho­[1,8-de][1,3,2]diaza­borinane

The title compound, C16H12BClN2, is one in a series of diaza­borinanes, derived from 1,8-diaminona­phthalene, featuring substitution at the 1, 2 and 3 positions in the nitro­gen-boron heterocycle. The structure deviates from planarity, the torsion angle subtended by the p-chloro­phenyl ring relative to the nitro­gen–boron heterocycle being −44-.3(3)°. The mol­ecules form infinite chains with strong inter­actions between the vacant pz orbital of the B atom and the π-system of an adjacent mol­ecule. The distance between the B atom and the 10-atom centroid of an adjacent naphthalene ring is 3.381 (4) Å. One N-H H atom is weakly hydrogen bonded to the Cl atom of an adjacent mol­ecule. This combination of inter­molecular inter­actions leads to the formation of an infinite two-dimensional network perpendic­ular to the c axis

Being an Early-Career CMS Academic in the Context of Insecurity and ‘Excellence’: The Dialectics of Resistance and Compliance

Drawing on a dialectical approach to resistance, we conceptualise the latter as a multifaceted, pervasive and contradictory phenomenon. This enables us to examine the predicament in which early-career Critical Management Studies academics find themselves in the current times of academic insecurity and ‘excellence’, as gleaned through this group’s understandings of themselves as resisters and participants in the complex and contradictory forces constituting their field. We draw on 24 semi-structured interviews to map our participants’ accounts of themselves as resisters in terms of different approaches to tensions and contradictions between, on the one hand, the interviewees’ Critical Management Studies alignment and, on the other, the ethos of business school neoliberalism. Emerging from this analysis are three contingent and interlinked narratives of resistance and identity – diplomatic, combative and idealistic – each of which encapsulates a particular mode (negotiation, struggle, and laying one’s own path) of engaging with the relationship between Critical Management Studies and the business school ethos. The three narratives show how early-career Critical Management Studies academics not only use existing tensions, contradictions, overlaps and alliances between these positions to resist and comply with selected forces within each, but also contribute to the (re-)making of such overlaps, alliances, tensions and contradictions. Through this reworking of what it means to be both Critical Management Studies scholars and business school academics, we argue, early-career Critical Management Studies academics can be seen as active resisters and re-constituters of their complex field

2-Phenyl­naphtho­[1,8-de][1,3,2]diaza­borinane

The title compound, C16H13BN2, is one compound in a series of diaza­borinanes featuring substitution at the 1, 2 and 3 positions in the nitro­gen–boron heterocycle. The title compound is slightly distorted from planarity, with a dihedral angle of 9.0 (5)° between the mean planes of the naphthalene system and the benzene ring. The m-carbon atom of the benzene ring exhibits the greatest deviation of 0.164 (2) Å from the 19-atom mean plane defined by all non-H atoms. The two N—B—C—C torsion angles are 6.0 (3) and 5.6 (3)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by π–π inter­actions into columns, with a distance of 3.92 (3) Å between the naphthalene ring centroids. Adjacent π-stacked columns, co-linear with the b-axis, are linked by C—H⋯π inter­actions

Assessing the mediating role of social support in childhood maltreatment and psychopathology among college students in Northern Ireland

The detrimental impact of early trauma, particularly childhood maltreatment, on mental health is well documented. Although it is understood that social support can act as a protective factor towards mental health for children who experience such adversity, few studies have addressed the experience of childhood maltreatment and the important function of social support in adulthood. The current study aimed to assess the mediating role of social support in the relationship between childhood experiences of maltreatment, and mental health outcomes including anxiety, depression, PTSD and problematic alcohol use in a sample of university students (N= 640). Results of binary logistic regression analyses indicated that those reporting experiences of childhood maltreatment were at increased odds of mental health outcomes of PTSD, anxiety and depression, but not alcohol use. Those reporting greater social support were significantly less likely to report on these mental health outcomes. Additionally, the indirect paths from childhood maltreatment through social support to PTSD, depression and anxiety were all significant, suggesting that social support, particularly family support, is a significant mediator of these relationships. Such findings have important implications for the social care response to children experiencing maltreatment and future support for such children as they transition to adolescence and adulthood

2-[4-(Methyl­sulfan­yl)phen­yl]naphtho[1,8-de][1,3,2]diaza­borinane

The title compound, C17H15BN2S, is one member in a series of diaza­borinanes featuring substitution at the 1-, 2- and 3-positions in the nitro­gen–boron heterocycle. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the naphthalene and phenyl ring systems is 19.86 (6)°. In the crystal structure, two C—H⋯π inter­actions link the mol­ecules into sheets which lie parallel to the bc plane. There is a π–π inter­action between each pair of centrosymmetrically related sheets [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5922 (8) Å]

Titanium-in-Quartz Geothermometry of Impactites and Peak-Ring Lithologies from the Chicxulub Impact Crater

Since its development by Wark and Watson (2006), the Ti-in-quartz geothermometer (TitaniQ) has been continuously refined and applied to a variety of lithologies from different crustal settings. Assuming quartz crystallized and incorporated Ti under equilibrium conditions and providing TiO2 activity (alpha (sub TiO2)) is reasonably constrained, crystallization temperatures at typical crustal pressures can be calculated. In turn, when crystallization temperatures are independently constrained, Ti-in-quartz can be used as a geobarometer. Here we explore the application of this technique to impact lithologies. Quartz is ubiquitous in terrestrial impact structures in upper crustal settings and can also form as a post-impact hydrothermal mineral. Together with other geothermometers, such as Ti-in-zircon, Ti-in-quartz can potentially help constrain the temperature-pressure conditions during the formation of the pre-impact target rock at terrestrial impact structures, as well as impact-produced and hydrothermally-altered lithologies. This work presents the first systematic Ti-in-quartz study of impactites and granitoid target rocks from the approximately180-kilometer-diameter, end-Cretaceous Chicxulub crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, thereby placing new constraints on the emplacement of felsic plutons within the Maya Block in the Paleozoic, impact melt crystallization at approximately 66 Ma (million years ago), and post-impact hydrothermal overprint inside the Chicxulub crater

estMOI: estimating multiplicity of infection using parasite deep sequencing data.

Individuals living in endemic areas generally harbour multiple parasite strains. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) can be an indicator of immune status and transmission intensity. It has a potentially confounding effect on a number of population genetic analyses, which often assume isolates are clonal. Polymerase chain reaction-based approaches to estimate MOI can lack sensitivity. For example, in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, genotyping of the merozoite surface protein (MSP1/2) genes is a standard method for assessing MOI, despite the apparent problem of underestimation. The availability of deep coverage data from massively parallizable sequencing technologies means that MOI can be detected genome wide by considering the abundance of heterozygous genotypes. Here, we present a method to estimate MOI, which considers unique combinations of polymorphisms from sequence reads. The method is implemented within the estMOI software. When applied to clinical P.falciparum isolates from three continents, we find that multiple infections are common, especially in regions with high transmission

Impact of Variant Donor Hepatic Arterial Anatomy on Clinical Graft Outcomes in Liver Transplantation

Standard hepatic arterial anatomy is composed of the common hepatic artery proceeding from the celiac trunk and giving rise to the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) and proper hepatic arteries. Reconstruction of the hepatic arterial supply during liver transplantation, often complex in nature, can be required in cases of accessory or replaced vessels. A recent review summarized the hepatic arterial anatomy reported in over 19,000 cases from 20 individual studies. (1) It has been suggested that the presence of nonstandard donor arterial anatomy may be related to an increased incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT).(2) Although the overall incidence of HAT is low, it can have devastating effects, including the need for retransplantation, long-term biliary complications, and increased patient mortality. This article describes the arterial anatomy in a large number of liver transplants, with routine anastomosis of a very short hepatic artery and routine reconstruction of the accessory right hepatic artery to the GDA. Study outcomes include incidence of HAT within 30 days of transplant, early graft loss up to 1 year after transplant, and 10-year graft survival