Factors Associated with HIV among Black Women Experiencing Poverty: Exploring the Intersection of Gender, Race, and Class

Factors Associated with HIV among Black Women Experiencing Poverty: Exploring the Intersection of Gender, Race, and Clas

Promoting golf in the Golden Age : a frame analysis of the writings of O.B. Keelor and Grantland Rice

This study uses a frame analysis to show how O.B. Keelor (1882-1950) of the Atlanta Journal and Grantland Rice (1880-1954) of the New York Herald Tribune influenced the growth of golf in the United States with their newspaper writings in the 1920s. How media frame an issue influences how the public perceives it, and news slant or angle influences public opinion. Many things, including urbanization, industrialization and the end of World War I, contributed to the growing popularity of golf during the 1920s. The media, specifically newspapers, played an important role in golf\u27s development. The number of golf courses registered with the United States Golf Association tripled during the 1920s, and the number of rounds played also increased. Keelor is partly responsible for creating the legendary status attained by Bobby Jones (1902-1971). Jones won 13 major championships during his career including the Grand Slam in the 1930. This research identifies the frames Keelor used in the Atlanta Journal to promote Jones. Through the use of descriptive language Keelor was able to develop the mythical excellence of Jones. Rice\u27s two columns for the New York Herald Tribune were Sportlight and Tales of a Wayside Tee. Rice promoted golf in both columns as well as contributed to the mythmaking of Jones. This research examines and identifies the specific language both writers used to promote Jones and the image of golf. An index of articles Keelor wrote during major championships in which Jones played is provided

Exploring the Relationship between Silencing the Self and Risky Sexual Behavior in Black Women

Black women are disproportionately affected by HIV. Understanding how sociocultural factors and beliefs contribute to Black women\u27s risky sexual behavior is critical in understanding this health disparity. This study investigated the mediating influence of silencing the self (i.e., putting the needs and wants of a romantic partner before one\u27s own needs) on the relationship between risky sexual behaviors and self-esteem, gender role beliefs, and gender ratio imbalance beliefs and behaviors (GRIBBs) in Black female college students. Participants included 99 female undergraduate students enrolled at a regional Mid-South University. Results demonstrated that risky sexual behavior was not significantly associated wtih the hypothesized variables. Higher scores on silencing the self was significantly associated with lower self-esteem (b =-1.42, p \u3c .001) and higher GRIBBS (b = .82, p \u3e .001). The results suggest that silencing the self can still adversely impact Black women, despite its non-significant relationship with risky sex

Incivility in the Workplace: The Experiences of Female Sport Management Faculty in Higher Education

Access to higher education for women has dramatically increased in the United States during the past 50 years. Female college graduates have reversed the figures and gone from being outnumbered by their male counterparts 3 to 2 in the 1970s, to now outnumbering male college graduates 3 to 2. Women also graduate from masters and doctoral programs at a higher rate than men. However, increases in the number of women obtaining college and advanced degrees has not translated to comparable representation in faculty positions or leadership roles in higher education. This lack of women in leadership positions, as well as perceived discrimination against female faculty, may be even more of a concern in sport management programs. Sport is considered a male domain, and women are often seen as intruders in this realm. The purpose of this study was to examine the manifestation of incivility from colleagues and superiors experienced within a sample of female sport management faculty members utilizing social identity theory as a guiding framework. Incivility was conceptualized for the current study as deviant behavior that is not necessarily intended to physically harm the target (e.g., belittling others, showing disdain to someone while they are talking, engaging in outside tasks during meetings)

Female Student-Athletes’ Transition out of Collegiate Competition

AbstractResearch in the area of athletic identity has grown immensely since it was first brought forward in academic work nearly 20 years ago. The ideas of athletic identity have expanded into the areas of relating to injury and rehabilitation, transitioning into collegiate athletics, transitioning out of collegiate athletics, professional careers in sport, and even identity formation through sport. This research explored the experiences of 10 women who had completed their collegiate eligibility and had transitioned out of collegiate competition. Three themes emerged from the semi-structured interviews: (a) Sense of Loss, (b) Bewilderment, and (c) Enjoy the Experience. All the respondents agreed that transition was inevitable, but there were mixed results on whether the transition out of sport was positive or negative. The findings also revealed the struggle of creating an identity outside of sport. The participants indicated establishing new social circles, new routines with fitness, and separating from their sport were challenging. The respondents also believed it was their responsibility to offer advice to future transitioning student-athletes so they could be better prepared for their upcoming and inevitable transition out of sport.

Sport Fans and Online Data Collection: Challenges and Ethics

The growth of online communities and social networking has provided opportunities to investigate sport fans from a wide range of perspectives. Motivations to consume online media and engage in interactive web functions are areas providing new and innovative research opportunities. There are several ethical considerations when conducting research in an online environment. This article discusses four major ethical values of honesty, responsibility, justice, and beneficence and how each relates to online data collection. Specifically, these four values will guide the discussion focused on issues of intrusion, interaction, and invitation in online communication contexts. Researchers and administrators must consider fans and other stakeholders’ core moral and ethical values in the data collection process

Satisfaction Among International Student-Athletes Who Participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association

The number of international student-athletes participating in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has nearly doubled from 8,945 in 2001–02 to 16,440 in 2007–08 (DeHass, 2009). As a result of such dramatic growth in the number of student-athletes participating in NCAA athletics, it is important to understand the level of satisfaction among this group. Determining whether athletes are satisfied with their experience may aid in recruiting future international athletes as well as potentially leading to higher retention and graduation rates. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the level of satisfaction (academic and athletic) among international student-athletes who participate in NCAA Division I-Football Bowl Subdivision athletics. Data analysis revealed that international student-athletes are satisfied with the dimensions measuring satisfaction, including academic support services, personal treatment, team social contribution and medical support. In addition, male athletes are more satisfied with external agents (i.e., media, the local and university community) than female athletes. These findings will not only help coaches and administrators better understand international student-athletes’ academic and athletic experience in the United States, but will also contribute to their understanding of the factors leading to an increased level of satisfaction. Providing the best possible environment to achieve high level of satisfaction ultimately will lead to a better performance on and off the field (Zhang, DeMichele & Connaughton, 2004)

Collegiate Sport Chaplaincy: Problems and Promise

Sport chaplaincy has been evolving since the latter half of the twentieth century, and many professional teams and professional organizations utilize the services of chaplains. Several licensing and credentialing organizations do train chaplains, counselors and mentors, but they are not necessarily aimed at sport chaplains. Chaplains have become more prominent in collegiate athletics as well and as such several training programs have developed for collegiate sport chaplains. Collegiate institutions, parachurch organizations and nonprofit faith-based organizations offer the programs that do exist. However, in collegiate athletics there is no governing body that oversees the training requirements or qualifications of chaplains. This has led to some chaplains providing counseling, therapy, and suicide intervention, which may go beyond their qualifications and thus require additional extensive training and/or licensure. The work of chaplains with student-athletes at public institutions also raises the issue of the separation of church and state. The promise of sport chaplains is that they provide holistic care, support, and education beyond wins and losses. Problems arise because there are no established qualifications or training criteria. The issue at hand is trying to balance the benefits of having chaplains while addressing the concerns that have arisen as a result in the growth of sport chaplains

Third Time’s a Charm: The Case of Tennessee’s Four Junior Football Players who Endured Three Different Head Coaches in Three Seasons

For college student-athletes enduring multiple head coaching changes during their careers, challenges include changes in the level of competition, lifestyle pressures, identity issues, loss of support system, and changes in training environment. Student-athletes are required to build relationships with a new head coach while facing issues with loneliness, frustration, discouragement, self-doubt, and feelings of decreased self-worth. This unique case study examined the transitions of junior student-athletes at the University of Tennessee who played for three different head coaches. Themes that were constructed from challenges the student-athletes faced were: Trust, Individual and Team Strength, and Future. A tremendous amount of effort and resources is poured into coaching searches but there seems to be little for the student-athletes during transitional periods of coaching changes. These findings demonstrate that transition is not something that easily happens and may not happen at all, which leads to student-athletes transferring after any coaching change. Resources and counseling services should be made available to assist student-athletes in this transition and not make the coach the focus of the transition

Moving on Up: Division I Athletic Directors’ Career Progression and Involvement

Collegiate athletic directors (ADs) are the chief executive officers within the athletic department of the colleges and universities they serve. While they are certainly high-profile, influential professionals, there are a limited number of research studies that focus in-depth on the career experiences of these athletic administrators. The purpose of this research was to examine the career experiences of athletic directors. The results showed a shift in the need for athletic directors to understand business and development and obtain a graduate degree. More than 80% held a master’s degree with previous areas of employment in development and marketing. Such skills were also shown in involvement as ADs indicated they were heavily involved in budget oversight and development. Other areas of involvement included policy-making and community relations. There was limited involvement in actual sport operations