Revision and phylogeny of the caddisfly subfamily Protoptilinae (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) inferred from adult morphology and mitochondrial DNA

Protoptilinae Ross, 1956, is the most diverse subfamily belonging to the saddle- or tortoise-case-making caddisfly family Glossosomatidae Wallengren, 1891. The subfamily has a disjunct distribution: 5 genera are known from the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions; the remaining 13 are restricted to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Monophyly of Protoptilinae and each of 17 genera was tested using 80 taxa, 99 morphological characters, and mitochondrial DNA (COI). Additionally, homologies of morphological characters were assessed across genera and a standardized terminology for those structures was established. Mitochondrial DNA data were unavailable for 55 of the 80 taxa included in this study. To test the effects of the missing molecular data, 5 different datasets were analyzed using both parsimony and Bayesian methods. There was incongruence between the COI and morphological data, but results suggest the inclusion of COI data in a combined analysis, although incomplete, improved the overall phylogenetic signal. Bayesian and parsimony analyses of all 5 datasets strongly supported the monophyly of Protoptilinae. Monophyly of the following genera was also supported: Canoptila Mosely, 1939; Culoptila Mosely, 1954; Itauara Müller, 1888; Mastigoptila Flint, 1967; Mortoniella Ulmer, 1906; Protoptila Banks, 1904; and Tolhuaca Schmid, 1964. Several taxonomic changes were necessary for classification to reflect phylogeny accurately. Accordingly, Matrioptila Ross, 1938; Poeciloptila Schmid, 1991; Temburongpsyche Malicky, 1992; and Nepaloptila Kimmins, 1964, are designated new junior synonyms of Padunia Martynov, 1910. Additionally, the endemic Caribbean genera Campsiophora Flint, 1964, and Cubanoptila Sykora, 1973, are designated new junior synonyms of Cariboptila Flint, 1964. Diagnoses and a key to the subfamilies of Glossosomatidae and world genera of Protoptilinae incorporating these taxonomic changes are provided

The Neotropical caddisfly genus Canoptila (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae)

The caddisfly genus Canoptila Mosely (Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae), endemic to southeastern Brazil, is diagnosed and discussed in the context of other protoptiline genera, and a brief summary of its taxonomic history is provided. A new species, Canoptila williami, is described and illustrated, including a female, the first known for the genus. Additionally, the type species, Canoptila bifida Mosely, is redescribed and illustrated. There are three possible synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of Canoptila: 1) the presence of long spine-like posterolateral processes on tergum X; 2) the highly membranous digitate parameres on the endotheca; and 3) the unique combination of both forewing and hind wing venational characters

The Neotropical caddisfly genus Tolhuaca (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae)

The caddisfly genus Tolhauca Schmid 1964 (Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae) is diagnosed and discussed in the context of other protoptiline genera, and a review of its taxonomic history is provided. A new species, Tolhuaca brasiliensis, from southeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated, and the type species, Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid 1964, from Chile, is redescribed and illustrated. Additionally, females of the genus are described and illustrated for the first time. Characters of the female genitalia, wing venation, and thorax suggest that Tolhuaca is more primitive than any other protoptiline genus and probably deserves a basal placement within the subfamily. The genus shows a broadly disjunct distribution perhaps reflecting an ancient southern Gondwana pattern.Robertson, Desiree R.; Holzenthal, Ralph W.. (2005). The Neotropical caddisfly genus Tolhuaca (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae). Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/192351

Taxonomy and systematics: contributions to benthology and J-NABS

Systematics, or taxonomy, is the study of the diversity of life on Earth. Its goals are to discover and describe new biological diversity and to understand its evolutionary and biogeographic origins and relationships. Here we review the contributions to the field of systematics and taxonomy published over the last 25 y in J-NABS and its predecessor Freshwater Invertebrate Biology (FIB). We examined a total of 64 studies that we considered to be largely taxonomic in nature. We classified these studies into 2 major categories: morphological (e.g., descriptive taxonomy, taxonomic revisions) and molecular (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] barcoding, population genetics). We examined studies in 5-y increments for J-NABS. We also studied the period 1982 to 1985, during which FIB was published. On average, 12 taxonomic studies were published within each 5-y period. Molecular studies first appeared in 1986 and have slowly increased, reaching their greatest number within the last 5 y. Studies also were classified by their individual attributes. Morphological studies were, by far, the most common, but studies also included molecular data, biological information, distributional data, keys, and biogeographical analyses. Most studies included .1 of these attributes. Overall, the role of J-NABS in the development of benthic taxonomy has been minimal in terms of number of publications, but as part of the nexus of taxomonic literature, all contributions have been important to the discipline. We discuss these contributions and their impact on the following subject areas: taxonomy and revisionary systematics, phylogenetic and molecular systematics, taxonomic resources, taxonomic resolution, conservation and taxonomy, professional training, taxonomic certification, and graduate education. We also give an overview of new developments in the taxonomists’ toolbox. These developments include DNA barcoding, online taxonomic resources, digital identification keys, cybertaxonomy, and modern museum collections and resources

Mapping H4K20me3 onto the chromatin landscape of senescent cells indicates a function in control of cell senescence and tumor suppression through preservation of genetic and epigenetic stability

Background: Histone modification H4K20me3 and its methyltransferase SUV420H2 have been implicated in suppression of tumorigenesis. The underlying mechanism is unclear, although H4K20me3 abundance increases during cellular senescence, a stable proliferation arrest and tumor suppressor process, triggered by diverse molecular cues, including activated oncogenes. Here, we investigate the function of H4K20me3 in senescence and tumor suppression. Results: Using immunofluorescence and ChIP-seq we determine the distribution of H4K20me3 in proliferating and senescent human cells. Altered H4K20me3 in senescence is coupled to H4K16ac and DNA methylation changes in senescence. In senescent cells, H4K20me3 is especially enriched at DNA sequences contained within specialized domains of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF), as well as specific families of non-genic and genic repeats. Altered H4K20me3 does not correlate strongly with changes in gene expression between proliferating and senescent cells; however, in senescent cells, but not proliferating cells, H4K20me3 enrichment at gene bodies correlates inversely with gene expression, reflecting de novo accumulation of H4K20me3 at repressed genes in senescent cells, including at genes also repressed in proliferating cells. Although elevated SUV420H2 upregulates H4K20me3, this does not accelerate senescence of primary human cells. However, elevated SUV420H2/H4K20me3 reinforces oncogene-induced senescence-associated proliferation arrest and slows tumorigenesis in vivo. Conclusions: These results corroborate a role for chromatin in underpinning the senescence phenotype but do not support a major role for H4K20me3 in initiation of senescence. Rather, we speculate that H4K20me3 plays a role in heterochromatinization and stabilization of the epigenome and genome of pre-malignant, oncogene-expressing senescent cells, thereby suppressing epigenetic and genetic instability and contributing to long-term senescence-mediated tumor suppression

Contulma boliviensis Holzenthal & Robertson, 2006, new species

Contulma boliviensis, new species Figs. 1 A–E Contulma boliviensis is a member of the Cranifer Group of Holzenthal & Flint (1995) based on the possession of an elongate dorsolateral process posteriorly on segment IX of the male genitalia. It stands isolated within the group as no other species has such a deeply excavated, C-shaped segment IX, but it shares with C. ecuadorensis Holzenthal and Flint and C. cranifer elongate, semimembranous sub-phallic processes. The phallus of this new species, with its flap-like, downturned, lateral flanges, is also unique. Length of forewing: 4.6 mm. Forewing (in alcohol) completely denuded, forewing membrane brown, with 4 light spots in membrane along costal margin, another near nygma; head, thorax, and appendages brown. Posterior foretibial spur very small, much shorter than anterior spur. Male genitalia. Segment IX in lateral view narrow, C-shaped, with anterior margin strongly rounded, produced anteriorly; posterior margin highly excavated medially, greatly produced ventrally, to form prominent, rounded, setose lobe; posterodorsally with pair of sclerotized, elongate, sinuate, dorsolateral processes, apices acute, turned medially; dorsally segment IX narrow mesally with short, shelflike extension; sternum IX in ventral view with small, posteromesal, shelf-like projection. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, digitate, sparsely setose apically. Processes of subphallic membranes present, digitate, setose, longer than inferior appendages and lateral to inferior appendages. Segment X elongate, membranous, with lightly sclerotized lateral flanges. Phallus relatively simple; phallobase sclerotized, tubular, elongate, straight; in dorsal view not broad posteriorly, laterally with flap-like, downturned flanges, subapicoventrally with paired membranous lobes; apex of phallus with membranous and semimembranous lobes as in Figs. 1 D, E; phallotremal sclerite not evident. Female. Unknown. Holotype male: BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: Parque Nacional Amboró, 17 ° 50 ’ 15 ”S, 64 ° 23 ’ 29 ”W, 2030 m, flight intercept trap, AMB 21 FIT002, 17–20.x. 2001, Spector, Ledezma (UMSP 000086401) (UASC). Etymology. Named for the type country, in recognition of the first species in the genus Contulma to be described from Bolivia.Published as part of Holzenthal, Ralph W. & Robertson, Desiree R., 2006, Four new species of Contulma from South America (Trichoptera: Anomalopsychidae), pp. 49-59 in Zootaxa 1355 on pages 50-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17458

Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid

Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid Figs. 1 –3, 5, 6 Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid, 1964: 337 [Type locality: Chile, Pichinahuel, Arauco; NMNH; male; in Sericostomatidae]. – Flint 1967: 52 [correction of transposition of wing figures in original description; to Glossosomatidae, Protoptilinae; distribution]. Tolhuaca cupulifera can be distinguished from T. brasiliensis, new species, by the presence of sclerotized, conical, thorn­like spines in the endotheca. Tergum X is also much more excavate apicomesally, while it is shallowly excavate in the new species, T. brasiliensis. Tergum X is triangular in lateral view in T. cupulifera and quadrate in T. brasiliensis. The wings of T. cupulifera are broader than the wings of T. brasiliensis. The species is known only from Chile. Adult. Length of forewing: male 4.7 –5.0 mm (n= 5); female 5.0– 5.3 mm (n= 3). Body, wings, and appendages nearly uniformly fuscous, tibia and tarsi yellowish brown. Forewing (Fig. 3 A) relatively broad, apex blunt; with retrorse setae along veins; Sc incomplete, not reaching anterior margin; fork I emerging at or immediately beyond cord; fork II emerging anteriorly to cord; forks III and IV longer than their stems; A 3 forming short loop, intersecting A 2 basally; crossveins r, d, r­m, and m­cu present, forming a relatively straight line, but with m­cu slightly basal to cord. Hind wing (Fig. 3 B) relatively broad; Sc converging with R 1 near wing margin; fork II about 4 times longer than its stem; fork III longer than its stem; crossveins r, r­m, and m­cu present. Male genitalia (Fig. 5). Sternum VI (Fig. 5 C) with thin, digitate mesal process, projecting caudally. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 5 A) well developed dorsally and laterally, but extremely reduced ventrally, forming very thin sclerotized strap; anterior margin slightly rounded; tergum IX, in dorsal view (Fig. 5 B), with posteromesal margin triangular, covered with fine microtrichia; membranous connection between segments IX and X distinct. Tergum X (Figs. 5 A, 5 B) covered with fine microtrichia; in lateral view (Fig. 5 A), triangular, apex rounded, setose dorsally to ventrally, with acute ventromesal process; in dorsal view (Fig. 5 B), with lateral margins slightly sinuous; apex strongly excavate medially. Phallobase (Figs. 5 A, 5 F) large and bulbous, projecting apicodorsally, lightly sclerotized, with small, stout setae at posterior end, running transversally from dorsum to venter; endotheca (Figs. 5 A, 5 D) membranous except for lightly sclerotized sub­basal ring, greatly enlarged and tubular when evaginated, with 12 or 13 heavily sclerotized conical, thorn­like spines with enlarged bases, each sitting within membranous ovoid cupule (Figs. 5 A, 5 D, 5 E). Female genitalia (Fig. 6). Sternum V with slightly raised, sclerotized linear mesal ridge running parallel to anterior and posterior margins. Sternum VI process associated with strongly oblique apodeme. Segment VII normally developed. Abdominal segment VIII synscleritous, more distinctly sclerotized along anterior margin, venter lightly sclerotized, becoming membranous posteroventrally. Tergum IX lightly sclerotized. Segment X, in lateral view, elongate, digitate; in dorsal and ventral views, bulbous, bearing cerci. Material examined: CHILE: Bío­Bío: Arauco, Pichinahuel, [ca. 37 º 47 ’ 52 ”S, 073º02’ 37 ”W], 1–30.i. 1959, Peña — 1 male (holotype) (UMSP 000115157) (NMNH); Bío­Bío: Estero Pichinahuel, 2 km W Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta entrance, 37 ° 47 ' 52 "S, 073°02' 37 "W, 1070 m, 11–12.ii. 2005, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Chamorro — 1 female, 4 males (UMSP); Malleco: Cord. Nahuelbuta, Cabreria, [37 º 49 ’ 30 ”S, 073º01’00”W], 1100 m, 9–15.i. 1977, Peña — 1 female (NMNH); same except 15–20.i. 1977, Peña — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Chile. This species occurs in the Cordillera Nahuelbuta region and extends south to Valdivia based on records provided by Flint (1967).Published as part of Robertson, Desiree R. & Holzenthal, Ralph W., 2005, The Neotropical caddisfly genus To l h u a c a (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae), pp. 53-68 in Zootaxa 1063 on pages 57-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17019

Contulma meloi Holzenthal & Robertson, 2006, new species

Contulma meloi, new species Figs. 3 A–G This new species is related to C. tijuca and the other Brazilian species described here, but differs from the other species in the dorsomesal processes of segment IX, which are absent or very short in C. meloi. Length of forewing: 3.8 mm (both specimens). Forewing color (in alcohol) light brown, immaculate; head, thorax, and appendages light brown. Posterior foretibial spur about 1 / 2 length of anterior spur. Male genitalia. Segment IX in lateral view broad, with anterior margin relatively straight, heavily setose ventrally; posterior margin straight dorsally and medially, produced ventrolaterally to form broad, prominent, heavily setose lobe; posterodorsally without processes in holotype (Figs. 3 A, B), but with very short, acute processes in paratype (Fig. 3 G); dorsally segment IX highly reduced; sternum IX in ventral view with posteromesal, sclerotized, spatulate projection, surface longitudinally striate, apically cleft, anteromesally bearing about 4 flat, fused, toothlike setae. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, subtriangular, dorsal margin straight, bearing about 4 or 5 short setae, ventral margin heel-like; inferior appendages apparently fused to base of sternum IX projection, together forming highly complex structure as in Figs. 3 A, C. Processes of subphallic membranes absent (or not visible). Segment X highly reduced, entirely membranous. Phallus relatively simple; phallobase sclerotized, tubular, curved; in dorsal view broad posteriorly; apex of phallus with membranous and semimembranous lobes as in Figs. 3 D–F; apicodorsally with paired membranes, apex semimembranous; apicoventrally with paired semimembranous lobes; phallotremal sclerite present, large, subspherical. Female. Unknown. Holotype male: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Estação Biológica de Boracéia, Rio Venerando, 23 ° 39 ’ 11 ”S, 45 ° 53 ’ 25 ”W, el. 850 m, 18–21.ix. 2002, Blahnik, Prather, Melo, Froehlich, Silva (UMSP 000210914) (MZUSP). Paratype: BRAZIL: São Paulo: same data as holotype — 1 male (UMSP). Etymology. The new species is named in honor of Dr. Adriano Sanches Melo in recognition of his friendship and assistance to the senior author and his colleagues during their work and travels in Brazil. Dr. Melo’s research interests lie in the ecology and natural history of aquatic insects in Brazil, especially the Trichoptera. He also helped collect the new species.Published as part of Holzenthal, Ralph W. & Robertson, Desiree R., 2006, Four new species of Contulma from South America (Trichoptera: Anomalopsychidae), pp. 49-59 in Zootaxa 1355 on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17458

Contulma fluminensis Holzenthal & Robertson, 2006, new species

Contulma fluminensis, new species Figs. 2 A–F Among the Brazilian species, C. fluminensis is closest to C. tripui n. sp. in sharing a highly complex phallic apparatus with very large, highly convoluted membranous lobes and apical spatulate sclerites, but differs from C. tripui n. sp. in having smaller, much more ventrally situated posterior lobes of segment IX. Length of forewing: 4.7 mm. Forewing color very dark brown, almost black, immaculate; head, thorax, and appendages brown. Posterior foretibial spur about 1 / 2 length of anterior spur. Male genitalia. Segment IX in lateral view narrow, with anterodorsal margin produced anteriorly, heavily setose ventrally; posterior margin straight dorsally and medially, very abruptly produced ventrolaterally to form narrow, prominent, heavily setose lobe; posterodorsally with pair of lightly sclerotized, elongate, curved, ventrally directed, dorsomesal processes with rugose apices; dorsally segment IX highly reduced; sternum IX in ventral view with posteromesal, sclerotized, spatulate projection, surface longitudinally striate, apically cleft, anteromesally bearing about 4 flat, fused, toothlike setae. Inferior appendage in lateral view short, subtriangular, dorsal margin straight, bearing about 4 or 5 short setae, ventral margin heel-like; inferior appendages apparently fused to base of sternum IX projection, together forming highly complex structure as in Figs. 2 A, C. Processes of subphallic membranes absent (or not visible). Segment X highly reduced, entirely membranous. Phallus complex; phallobase sclerotized, tubular, curved; in dorsal view broad posteriorly, apicoventrally with heavily sclerotized, apically cleft lobe; apex of phallus with complex membranous lobes and sclerites as in Figs. 2 D–F; dorsally with paired, very large, highly convoluted, membranes; apicolaterally with paired, highly convoluted, membranous lobes, partially with highly irregular, scalloped, semisclerotized surface, apically with large, broad, spatulate sclerites, bearing prominent keel-like striae on their outer surfaces; phallotremal sclerite present, small, subspherical. Female. Unknown. Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Rio Macaé, Macaé da Cima, 22 ° 23 ’ 41 ”S, 42 ° 30 ’08”W, el. 1000 m, 8.iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki, Prather (UMSP 000086069) (MZUSP). Etymology. From the Latin word flumen for stream or river and a traditional Latinization used in Brazil for something from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Comments. Holzenthal & Flint (1995, fig. 109) interpreted the digitate, apically setose processes above the posteromesal projection of sternum IX in C. tijuca to be processes of the subphallic membranes. Upon examination of these structures in C. fluminensis and the 2 other closely related Brazilian species described below, we reinterpret these structures to be homologous to inferior appendages based on their position in relation to sternum IX. The processes of the subphallic membranes appear to be absent in the Brazilian species or are not delineated as distinct processes or lobes within the membranes.Published as part of Holzenthal, Ralph W. & Robertson, Desiree R., 2006, Four new species of Contulma from South America (Trichoptera: Anomalopsychidae), pp. 49-59 in Zootaxa 1355 on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17458

<p><strong>Revision and phylogeny of the caddisfly subfamily </strong><strong>Protoptilinae (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) </strong><strong>inferred from adult morphology and mitochondrial DNA</strong></p>

ROBERTSON, DESIREE R., HOLZENTHAL, RALPH W. (2013): Revision and phylogeny of the caddisfly subfamily Protoptilinae (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) inferred from adult morphology and mitochondrial DNA. Zootaxa 3723 (1): 1-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3723.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3723.1.