Evaluation of the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi infection in three aromatic plants

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the production of secondary metabolites in Petroselinum crispum, Salvia officinalis and Dysphania ambrosioides. Three treatments were established: Control (C), commercial inoculum (CI) and native inoculum (NI). Every 15 days height, stem diameter and number of leaves were measured. The percentage of colonization was assessed by staining of roots, and identification of flavonoids through TLC thin layer chromatography, finally the concentration of total phenols was evaluated by spectrophotometry from the ethanol extracts of each plant. The results of development of biomass and the percentage of colonization show statistically significant difference for the three variables evaluated (P≤0.05) from each culture in the treatment of NI with respect to control, showing a greater effect on plants of S. officinalis (51% and 91%, respectively). Chromatography reveals the presence of flavonoids in the three plants; however this is more intense for the treatment of NI, showing increased production of total phenols in S. officinalis. Finally, the chemical characterization of the substrate shows a higher assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus (0.11% and 0.35 mg / kg respectively) in S. officinalis associated with a native inoculum (NI).

Caracterización fisicoquímica de residuos orgánicos del Estado de Chiapas, México, destinados a la producción de biogás

In this paper were studied the physicochemical characteristics of organic waste generated in the municipality of Suchiapa, Chiapas, México. The objective was to characterize fruit and vegetable residues: pumpkin peel, tamarind peel, corn cob leaves and livestock fecal residues: cattle, sheep and poultry manure, to determine their optimal use in biogas and methane production. The parameters analyzed were humidity, ashes, pH, total solids (ST), total volatile solids (STV), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), applying the methods of the Official Mexican Standards (NMX-AA-016 to the NMX -AA-025). The results obtained from the calculation of STV, estimated a theoretical production of 850 L of methane/kg of STV through the use of pumpkin peel, being the best residue to guarantee biogas production. In this way, with the physicochemical characterization of the waste, it is possible to revalue their potential for the production of biogas.En el presente trabajo se estudiaron las características fisicoquímicas de residuos orgánicos generados en el municipio de Suchiapa, Chiapas, México. El objetivo fue caracterizar residuos frutihortícolas: cáscara de calabaza, cáscara de tamarindo, hojas de mazorca de maíz y residuos fecales ganaderos: estiércol de ganado bovino, ovino y aves de corral, para determinar su uso óptimo en la producción de biogás y metano. Los parámetros analizados fueron humedad, cenizas, pH, sólidos totales (ST), sólidos totales volátiles (STV), carbón (C) y nitrógeno (N), aplicando los métodos de las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (NMX-AA-016 a la NMX-AA-025). Los resultados obtenidos del cálculo de STV, estimaron una producción teórica de 850 L de metano/kg de STV mediante el uso de cáscara de calabaza, siendo el mejor residuo para garantizar la producción de biogás. De este modo, con la caracterización fisicoquímica de los residuos se permite revalorizar el potencial de éstos para la producción de biogás. In this paper were studied the physicochemical characteristics of organic waste generated in the municipality of Suchiapa, Chiapas, México. The objective was to characterize fruit and vegetable residues: pumpkin peel, tamarind peel, corn cob leaves and livestock fecal residues: cattle, sheep and poultry manure, to determine their optimal use in biogas and methane production. The parameters analyzed were humidity, ashes, pH, total solids (ST), total volatile solids (STV), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), applying the methods of the Official Mexican Standards (NMX-AA-016 to the NMX -AA-025). The results obtained from the calculation of STV, estimated a theoretical production of 850 L of methane/kg of STV through the use of pumpkin peel, being the best residue to guarantee biogas production. In this way, with the physicochemical characterization of the waste, it is possible to revalue their potential for the production of biogas.

Caracterización fisicoquímica de residuos orgánicos del Estado de Chiapas, México, destinados a la producción de biogás

En el presente trabajo se estudiaron las características fisicoquímicas de residuos orgánicos generados en el municipio de Suchiapa, Chiapas, México. El objetivo fue caracterizar residuos frutihortícolas: cáscara de calabaza, cáscara de tamarindo, hojas de mazorca de maíz y residuos fecales ganaderos: estiércol de ganado bovino, ovino y aves de corral, para determinar su uso óptimo en la producción de biogás y metano. Los parámetros analizados fueron humedad, cenizas, pH, sólidos totales (ST), sólidos totales volátiles (STV), carbón (C) y nitrógeno (N), aplicando los métodos de las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (NMX-AA-016 a la NMX-AA-025). Los resultados obtenidos del cálculo de STV, estimaron una producción teórica de 850 L de metano/kg de STV mediante el uso de cáscara de calabaza, siendo el mejor residuo para garantizar la producción de biogás. De este modo, con la caracterización fisicoquímica de los residuos se permite revalorizar el potencial de éstos para la producción de biogás

Evaluation of the population dynamics of microalgae isolated from the state of Chiapas, Mexico with respect to the nutritional quality of water

As Chiapas state, México, counts on an extensive hydrography with diverse nutrimental and climatic characteristics, it therefore allows isolating and identifying microalgae with bioenergetics potential. For this purpose, samples from 8 locations were collected, corresponding to 6 rivers, a wastewater and a springwater. The isolation of microalgae was developed for 4 weeks with 12:12 light/dark cycles. We demonstrated that the most efficient means for the isolation of microalgae of the hydrographic areas evaluated was the medium BG11 with 80.53% effectiveness. Of the microalgal consortium identified, 90% are composed of microalgae belonging to the class Chlorophycear. It was shown that another factor favouring the richness of morphotypes identified in the Santo Domingo River is associated with adequate concentrations of macroelements such as nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium at concentrations of 0.03 mg/l, 0.0006 mg/l, 0.08 mg/l, 0.03 mg/l, 62.93 mg/l, 5.46 mg/l, 34.52 mg/l and 48.78 mg/l respectively and microelements such as copper, zinc, iron, andmanganese at concentrations less than 0.2 mg/l in all microelements. The identified morphotypes, according to literature, have lipid contents ranging from 2 to 90%; this is of biotechnological importance for the production of biodiesel

Influence of Light Intensity and Photoperiod on the Photoautotrophic Growth and Lipid Content of the Microalgae Verrucodesmus verrucosus in a Photobioreactor

Microalgal biomass has the capacity to accumulate relatively large quantities of triacylglycerides (TAG) for the conversion of methyl esters of fatty acids (FAME) which has made microalgae a desirable alternative for the production of biofuels. In the present work Verrucodesmus verrucosus was evaluated under autotrophic growth conditions as a suitable source of oil for biodiesel production. For this purpose BG11 media were evaluated in three different light:dark photoperiods (L:D; 16:08; 12:12; 24:0) and light intensities (1000, 2000 and 3000 Lux) in a photobioreactor with a capacity of three liters; the evaluation of the microalgal biomass was carried out through the cell count with the use of the Neubauer chamber followed by the evaluation of the kinetic growth parameters. So, the lipid accumulation was determined through the lipid extraction with a Soxhlet system. Finally, the fatty acid profile of the total pooled lipids was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The results demonstrate that the best conditions are a photoperiod of 12 light hours and 12 dark hours with BG11 medium in a 3 L tubular photobioreactor with 0.3% CO2, 25 °C and 2000 Lux, allowing a lipid accumulation of 50.42%. Palmitic acid is identified as the most abundant fatty acid at 44.90%

Molecular identification and lipolytic potential of filamentous fungi isolated from residual cooking oil

Filamentous fungi, microorganisms that develop and are located in different habitats, are considered important producers of enzymes and metabolites with potential for the biotechnology industry. The objective of this work was to isolate and identify filamentous fungi that grow in used oil. Two fungal species were characterised through their morphology and molecular identification. The DNA of each extracted strain was amplified by PCR using primers ITS1 and ITS4, obtaining sequences that were later in GenBank (NCBI). A white coloured strain (HB) with a cottony, white, hyaline morphology and irregular borders was observed; so too, a brown colony (HC) with a sandy surface, a well-defined border of beige colour in early growth until it became a dark brown colour. The identity result by homology of the sequences in the BLASTn database was 100% and 99.55%, indicating that they correspond to Cladosporium tenuissimum and Fomitopsis meliae, respectively. Finally, the results in lipolytic activity show greater potential for Fomitopsis meliae with 0.61 U/l in residual oil. Thus, it is important to highlight the potential of this type of waste to favour the prospection of microorganisms for a sustainable alternative for future studies of biological conversion