Chaos to order: Clermont, 1095 to Lateran IV, 1215

Although I am delighted to be asked to speak at this International Congress, I may be present here under a somewhat false assumption. While I have studied and written on medieval papal councils of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, I have never worked on Lateran IV, which is the focus of this Congress. Many of our speakers have done so, and certainly have a deeper knowledge of that event than do I. But what I can do, as my title suggests, is to look backward from November, 1215, considering papal councils of the previous century plus, in order to discuss aspects of how the decrees of those gatherings are known. The legislative records that survive for papal synods from the late eleventh century through the twelfth frequently are a mess and not well ordered, but, in contrast, the decrees of Lateran IV are transmitted in a consistent order within a reasonably stable set of texts. It is possible to give reasons why the 1215 decrees are well ordered; it is worthwhile to consider why the fortuna of many earlier papal assemblies is disordered, sometimes decidedly so.Aunque es un placer hablar en este Congreso Internacional, es posible que esté aquí presente con una suposición falsa. Porque a pesar de que he estudiado y escrito sobre los concilios papales medievales en los siglos XI y XII, nunca he trabajado en el Concilio de Letrán IV, el cual es el objeto de este Congreso. Muchos ponentes sí lo han hecho, y con un conocimiento de este concilio más profundo. Sin embargo, lo que sí puedo hacer, es mirar hacia atrás desde Noviembre de 1215, considerando los concilios papales del siglo anterior. Con el fin de discutir aspectos como por ejemplo cómo son conocidos los decretos de estos concilios. Los registros legislativos que aún quedan de los sínodos papales desde finales del siglo XI hasta el XII son frecuentemente confusos y están desordenados, sin embargo, los decretos de Letrán IV han sido transmitidos en un orden coherente establecido por un conjunto estable de textos. Las razones por las cuáles los decretos de 1215 están ordenados correctamente son dignos de estudio, más cuando los registros de muchas asambleas papales anteriores están desordenados, a veces intencionadamente.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

Issues and opportunities in space photovoltaics

Space power sources are becoming a central focus for determining man's potential and schedule for exploring and utilizing the benefits of space. The ability to search, probe, survey, and communicate throughout the universe will depend on providing adequate power to the instruments to do these jobs. Power requirements for space platforms are increasing and will continue to increase into the 21st century. Photovoltaics have been a dependable power source for space for the last 30 years and have served as the primary source of power on virtually all DOD and NASA satellites. The performance of silicon (Si) solar cells has increased from 10 percent air mass zero (AM0) solar energy conversion efficiency in the early 60's to almost 15 percent on today's spacecraft. Some technologists even think that the potential for solar photovoltaics has reached a plateau. However, present and near-future Air Force and NASA requirements show needs that, if the problems are looked upon as opportunities, can elevate the photovoltaic power source scientist and array structure engineer into the next technological photovoltaic growth curve

The power of role-modelling: White teacher educators normalising anti-racism and cultural reflexivity for white pre-service teachers

Every child has a right to feel culturally safe in schools, yet for countless Indigenous students this is not the case. Many White pre-service teachers in Australia enter initial teacher education with a limited understanding of racial identity, Indigenous knowledge or White anti-racism. This autoethnographic study applies Social Cognitive Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour to understand the role of the White teacher educator in racial conscientisation of White pre-service teachers. We examine how White teacher confidence in enacting anti-racist behaviours builds when White teacher educators role-model the professional approaches which White teachers can use to teach about race and be culturally reflexive in K-12 classrooms. Such cultural reflexivity requires that White teachers acknowledge their positionality and make visible Indigenous cultural authority over course material. In doing so, this culturally reflexive approach provides an effective and authentic critical pedagogy for developing anti-racist conscience and practice amongst White educators

The long goodbye: a note on the closure of rural police stations and the decline of rural policing in Britain.

This research note documents the recent controversy surrounding the closure of police stations in the UK between 2007 and 2012. It examines the statistics as reported in the press and discusses the rhetoric used in the debate to draw conclusions about how the closure of police stations will affect rural policing and rural crime

A sensitive 301V BSE serial PMCA assay

The prion strain 301V, is a mouse passaged form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). It has been used as a model of BSE for more than 20 years, in particular in the investigation of tissue distribution of infectivity, the molecular phenotype and transmission properties of BSE, strain typing assays and prion inactivation studies. Most 301V experiments have required murine bioassay as a method for the quantitation of infectivity. To date this model strain has not been studied with the protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay (PMCA) which detects prion-associated PrPSc protein. The detection of BSE PrPSc by PMCA can be more sensitive than mouse bioassay and is carried out in a much shorter time frame of days as opposed to months/years. Here, we describe the development of a new highly sensitive and specific PMCA assay for murine 301V and assess the sensitivity of the assay in direct comparison with murine bioassay of the same material. This in vitro assay detected, in a few days, 301V at a brain dilution of at least 1x10-9, compared to bioassay of the same material in VM mice that could detect down to a 1x10-8 dilution and took >180 days. The 301V PMCA may therefore offer a faster and more sensitive alternative to live animal bioassay when studying the BSE agent in VM mice

Estimates of regional and local strong motions during the great 1923 Kanto, Japan, earthquake (Ms 8.2). Part 1: Source estimation of a calibration event and modeling of wave propagation paths

This article is the first of a pair of articles that estimate regional and local strong motions from the 1923 Kanto, Japan, earthquake. This Ms 8.2 earthquake caused the most devastating damage in the metropolitan area in Tokyo history. In this article, we first calibrate wave propagation path effects with a moderate-sized modern event. This event, the Odawara earthquake of 5 August 1990 (M 5.1), is the first earthquake larger than M 5 in the last 60 years near the hypocenter of the 1923 Kanto earthquake. We estimate the source parameters based on a grid-search technique using body-waveform data bandpass filtered from 1 to 10 sec at four local stations, because accurate source parameters are critical for calibrating the propagation effects. We find that the Odawara earthquake had a depth of 15.3 km, a dip of 35°, a rake of 40°, a strike of 215°, a seismic moment of 3.3 × 10^(23) dyne-cm, a source duration of 0.65 sec, and a stress drop of 170 bars. Next, we investigate the effects of the propagation paths to the local and regional stations where seismograms of the 1923 Kanto earthquake were recorded, by comparing recorded waveforms with synthetic seismograms built with the calibration event. Path-specific flat-layered velocity models are estimated along travel paths from the event to stations Hongo (epicentral distance R = 82 km) in Tokyo, Gifu (R = 213 km), and Sendai (R = 374 km) using forward modeling. In constructing the velocity model for the Gifu station, we use STS-1 broadband seismograms recorded at the nearby Inuyama station. Consequently, at periods greater than 3 sec, the velocity models for stations Hongo and Gifu can successfully reproduce both body waves and direct surface waves, and the velocity model for Sendai station can explain the predominant direct surface waves. In the companion article (Sato et al., 1998), these velocity models are used to examine the adequecy of the variable-slip rupture models of the 1923 Kanto earthquake (Wald and Somerville, 1995; Takeo and Kanamori, 1992) to explain recorded seismograms and also to simulate strong motions from that event