Some Recent Developments in High Pressure Windows

The field of optical studies at high pressures has been limited to a range of a few thousand atmospheres not because glass would not withstand a higher pressure but because the proper window support had not been used in order to utilize the maximum strength of the glass

The Effect of Pressures up to 17,000 Atmospheres upon Some Colloidal Suspensions

In some work which was being conducted at Wesleyan during the past year, on the effect of pressures upon some living organisms, it was noticed that when the water containing these organisms was subjected to pressures of more than a few hundred atmospheres a turbidity was usually developed. This suggested that something in the solution was being precipitated by means of pressure. Upon inspection it was found that this was some of the colloidal constituents in the water, and it was desired to determine whether or not pressure alone would cause the precipitation of a pure colloidal suspension. A number of colloidal suspensions were chosen at random and subjected to pressures varying from a few atmospheres to 17,000 atmospheres

The Effect of Pressures up to 16000 Atmospheres Upon the E.M.F. of the Weston Standard Cell

A variety of types of Weston standard cells were constructed and the electromotive force was found to increase with the pressure. The shape of the curve being effected somewhat by the material of which the cell case was constructed

Kidney function in the very elderly with hypertension: data from the hypertension in the very elderly (HYVET) trial.

BACKGROUND: numerous reports have linked impaired kidney function to a higher risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. There are relatively few data relating to kidney function in the very elderly. METHODS: the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET) was a randomised placebo-controlled trial of indapamide slow release 1.5mg ± perindopril 2-4 mg in those aged ≥80 years with sitting systolic blood pressures of ≥160 mmHg and diastolic pressures of <110 mmHg. Kidney function was a secondary outcome. RESULTS: HYVET recruited 3,845 participants. The mean baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 61.7 ml/min/1.73 m(2). When categories of the eGFR were examined, there was a possible U-shaped relationship between eGFR, total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and events. The nadir of the U was the eGFR category ≥60 and <75 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Using this as a comparator, the U shape was clearest for cardiovascular mortality with the eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and ≥75 ml/min/1.73 m(2) showing hazard ratios of 1.88 (95% CI: 1.2-2.96) and 1.36 (0.94-1.98) by comparison. Proteinuria at baseline was also associated with an increased risk of later heart failure events and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: although these results should be interpreted with caution, it may be that in very elderly individuals with hypertension both low and high eGFR indicate increased risk

Peer Supporters’ Mental Health and Emotional Wellbeing needs:Key Factors and Opportunities for Co-Produced Training

Abstract Introduction Peer supporters are a valuable asset to mental health and support services, but their own mental health needs are often overlooked in research and practice. This study explored peer supporters' perceived challenges of maintaining their mental health and emotional wellbeing and co‐produced training needs. Methods A qualitative approach was used to explore factors affecting peer supporters' mental health and emotional wellbeing. Semi‐structured interviews and focus groups were conducted online with 11 peer supporters across North East England. Results A thematic analysis identified: ‘Lack of training and support’, ‘Role ambiguity’ and ‘Emotional labour’ as challenges experienced by peer supporters in relation to maintaining their mental health and emotional wellbeing. Peer supporters' own lived experiences had the potential to act as a barrier towards providing support to others. Conflict with peer ‘supportees’ sometimes negatively impacted on the peer supporter experience. Participant responses emphasised a need for person‐centred, co‐produced training. Conclusion This work highlights the need for targeted training for peer supporters, including both role‐specific education and strategies to support their mental health and emotional wellbeing. Patient or Public Contribution Participants were contacted and asked to provide feedback on finalised themes to ensure the analysis was congruent with their experiences, further enabling the future development of an emotional wellbeing training programme for peer supporters

Final Report:Thematic Review of No Wrong Door – Redcar and Cleveland

Executive SummaryThe No Wrong Door (NWD) model is a residential and outreach service for young people who are on the edge of care or in care.Pressures on funding and resources on local authorities and the care system can lead young people to feel as though they are being ‘bounced between services and residential or foster placements.’ The NWD model offers a hub at the heart of the model, within the local authority, opposed to moving young people out of area.The NWD service, developed by North Yorkshire Council, and adopted by Redcar and Cleveland, offers a new approach for local provisions for young people, including those within the local authority of Redcar and Cleveland. The service offers a multidisciplinary team of professionals who work collaboratively. To carry out an immersive evaluation of the Redcar and Cleveland NWD provision a mixed method approach was undertaken by the current research team, with the following five objectives:1.Conduct a quantitative analysis of existing data collected by the service linked to three key areas; speech and language, policing and health.2.Conduct a thematic review of case studies.3.Work and spend time within the hub to get to know staff and how the service operates (researcher in residence).4.Design longer term process and outcome evaluation for years two and three.5.Conduct a focus group with staff who deliver NWD services within, and alongside the hub.A focus group was conducted with six members of the NWD professional team working at the Redcar and Cleveland NWD hub. Furthermore, four case studies were analysed, written by four NWD professionals, with differing specialisms. Additionally, quantitative data obtained from the NWD Redcar and Cleveland Model were analysed. Eight themes were identified within the thematic review of the qualitative data obtained, in both the focus group and case study findings. •Inter-Professional Collaboration•Education•Family•Finance•No Wrong Door Interventions•Outreach•Residential Care•Vulnerable GroupsThe NWD staff discussed the specific strengths of the current NWD model on offer in Redcar and Cleveland. Staff spoke of the importance of collaborative working and trust between NWD specialists, young people and their families. For instance, staff placed an emphasis on building personable and meaningful working relationships with young people. There was a perception that NWD staff work in a collaborative manner, to assist young people with their multiple needs – for instance- educational needs, communication needs, psychological welfare needs and familial relationships.This report accounts for the period from October 2020 to mid-2023 within the evaluation. Within such a time,103 participants engaged with the NWD service in Redcar &amp; Cleveland. Within the period evaluated, police engagement, outreach and residential elements of the NWD model compiled several considerations within the report. Data indicates that engagement with NWD may have an impact on engagement with the criminal justice system. Prior to engagement with NWD, 21 young people who would go on to be supported by NWD were arrested, and seven were charged. In contrast after the establishment of NWD, 29 young people who were actively engaged with NWD were arrested, with 14 being charged. However, when looking at the period after engagement with NWD, 14 former young people were arrested, with 5 being charged. Whilst it may be viewed as a negative that numbers of NWD actively engaged young people were arrested and charged this would be an incorrect view. Due to the embedded nature of the Police post (the Police Intelligence Analyst) there are opportunities for greater information gathering and identification of issues and concerns with the young people and more scope to develop trust with the families of the engaged young people. Therefore, the likelihood of any issues of concern being identified may increase identification of issues which are subsequently reported to the police amongst this population in the short to medium term.We noted a similar trend when looking at missing person incidents. When looking at all participants prior to engagement there were 55 young people who had a missing incident, totalling 280 missing incident (5.1 incidents per young person), with a median missing time period of 4 hours 17 minutes. This cost approximately £562,928. When looking at young people whilst engaged with NWD there were 49 young people who had a missing incident, totalling 422 missing incident (8.6 incidents per young person), with a median missing time period of 6 hours 59 minutes. This cost approximately £971,232. However, when looking at data once young people had been discharged from NWD 14 young people had a missing incident, totalling 75 missing incidents (5.4 incidents per young person), with a median missing time of 4 hours 56 minutes. This cost approximately £157,040. To contextualise such quantitative data is imperative, as the NWD specialists work with young people with very complex socio-economic positionings. Thus, there is an anticipated level of missing episodes which will have an impact on costs. The NWD team work to reduce police time by responding to the missing episodes professionally, and actively search for all their young people who go missing (see section 3.1.1). Of the 103 outreach young people who engaged with NWD during the lifetime of the evaluation, 86 completed the SALT screening tool, 43 of whom also completed a SALT assessment and screening tool, with 37 of them going on to complete a communication plan. The communication support worker delivered an average of 17 working instances with young people per month across the evaluation period. Total savings associated with having an embedded communication support worker within this service are estimated at £87,078. Similarly, the life coach embedded within the service delivered an average of 14.7 working instances with young people per month. Total savings associated with having an embedded life coach within the hub are estimated at £115,279 across the evaluation period of 22 months.In total, using data provided by the hub it is estimated that engagement with the NWD has resulted in a total cost avoidance of £459,379 for the three young people who were residential to the Hub and is the cumulative cost of partners.Following the completion of the evaluation the following recommendations were made:1.The inter-professional collaboration and multi-agency approach in Redcar and Cleveland NWD was a particular strength of the service. It is recommended that the nurturing and growth of in-house specialists continues in the NWD project, including the roles of the Speech and Language Therapist, police liaison officer, Police Intelligence Analyst and clinical psychologist. This recommendation is related to the data provided by NWD staff who state this element is quintessential within the NWD model; assisting young people in avoiding large waiting lists and avoiding the perception of a non-personal clinical approach. In terms of financial savings in the short, medium and long term this approach has already shown itself to be effective in reducing costs by the disengagement of young people from Criminal Peer Group (CPG). Financial savings in the medium and long term will occur through the in-house identification of young people with previously unidentified SALT needs to enable their support needs which will reduce future costs.2.The use of non-terminology driven and accessible language within written documents about and addressed to young people was perceived to be employed in a successful manner; - an aspect that would benefit from being included as standard protocol for all internal and external staff documenting information about (and addressed to) the child. Partners may wish to reflect on this in their own organisations. 3.The practice of the NWD model to support young people until the age of 25 was identified as a strength of the NWD service and has been identified as supporting financial savings in the short, medium and long term.4.The SALT assessment procures should remain in-house within NWD as they represent an immediate cost saving and being conducted ‘'in-house' reduces the delay of transmission of information between professionals. In-house working also allows for the rapid development of supporting strategies to assist in working with the young person on a) communication issues b) issues appropriate to life coach intervention.5.Future evaluations would benefit from the inclusion of a robust cost-benefit analysis to more accurately predict the cost savings of the NWD in Redcar and Cleveland.6.Future evaluations should include the views of young people who have been involved with NWD both on an outreach, and a residential basis.<br/

Final Report:Thematic Review of No Wrong Door – Redcar and Cleveland

Executive SummaryThe No Wrong Door (NWD) model is a residential and outreach service for young people who are on the edge of care or in care.Pressures on funding and resources on local authorities and the care system can lead young people to feel as though they are being ‘bounced between services and residential or foster placements.’ The NWD model offers a hub at the heart of the model, within the local authority, opposed to moving young people out of area.The NWD service, developed by North Yorkshire Council, and adopted by Redcar and Cleveland, offers a new approach for local provisions for young people, including those within the local authority of Redcar and Cleveland. The service offers a multidisciplinary team of professionals who work collaboratively. To carry out an immersive evaluation of the Redcar and Cleveland NWD provision a mixed method approach was undertaken by the current research team, with the following five objectives:1.Conduct a quantitative analysis of existing data collected by the service linked to three key areas; speech and language, policing and health.2.Conduct a thematic review of case studies.3.Work and spend time within the hub to get to know staff and how the service operates (researcher in residence).4.Design longer term process and outcome evaluation for years two and three.5.Conduct a focus group with staff who deliver NWD services within, and alongside the hub.A focus group was conducted with six members of the NWD professional team working at the Redcar and Cleveland NWD hub. Furthermore, four case studies were analysed, written by four NWD professionals, with differing specialisms. Additionally, quantitative data obtained from the NWD Redcar and Cleveland Model were analysed. Eight themes were identified within the thematic review of the qualitative data obtained, in both the focus group and case study findings. •Inter-Professional Collaboration•Education•Family•Finance•No Wrong Door Interventions•Outreach•Residential Care•Vulnerable GroupsThe NWD staff discussed the specific strengths of the current NWD model on offer in Redcar and Cleveland. Staff spoke of the importance of collaborative working and trust between NWD specialists, young people and their families. For instance, staff placed an emphasis on building personable and meaningful working relationships with young people. There was a perception that NWD staff work in a collaborative manner, to assist young people with their multiple needs – for instance- educational needs, communication needs, psychological welfare needs and familial relationships.This report accounts for the period from October 2020 to mid-2023 within the evaluation. Within such a time,103 participants engaged with the NWD service in Redcar &amp; Cleveland. Within the period evaluated, police engagement, outreach and residential elements of the NWD model compiled several considerations within the report. Data indicates that engagement with NWD may have an impact on engagement with the criminal justice system. Prior to engagement with NWD, 21 young people who would go on to be supported by NWD were arrested, and seven were charged. In contrast after the establishment of NWD, 29 young people who were actively engaged with NWD were arrested, with 14 being charged. However, when looking at the period after engagement with NWD, 14 former young people were arrested, with 5 being charged. Whilst it may be viewed as a negative that numbers of NWD actively engaged young people were arrested and charged this would be an incorrect view. Due to the embedded nature of the Police post (the Police Intelligence Analyst) there are opportunities for greater information gathering and identification of issues and concerns with the young people and more scope to develop trust with the families of the engaged young people. Therefore, the likelihood of any issues of concern being identified may increase identification of issues which are subsequently reported to the police amongst this population in the short to medium term.We noted a similar trend when looking at missing person incidents. When looking at all participants prior to engagement there were 55 young people who had a missing incident, totalling 280 missing incident (5.1 incidents per young person), with a median missing time period of 4 hours 17 minutes. This cost approximately £562,928. When looking at young people whilst engaged with NWD there were 49 young people who had a missing incident, totalling 422 missing incident (8.6 incidents per young person), with a median missing time period of 6 hours 59 minutes. This cost approximately £971,232. However, when looking at data once young people had been discharged from NWD 14 young people had a missing incident, totalling 75 missing incidents (5.4 incidents per young person), with a median missing time of 4 hours 56 minutes. This cost approximately £157,040. To contextualise such quantitative data is imperative, as the NWD specialists work with young people with very complex socio-economic positionings. Thus, there is an anticipated level of missing episodes which will have an impact on costs. The NWD team work to reduce police time by responding to the missing episodes professionally, and actively search for all their young people who go missing (see section 3.1.1). Of the 103 outreach young people who engaged with NWD during the lifetime of the evaluation, 86 completed the SALT screening tool, 43 of whom also completed a SALT assessment and screening tool, with 37 of them going on to complete a communication plan. The communication support worker delivered an average of 17 working instances with young people per month across the evaluation period. Total savings associated with having an embedded communication support worker within this service are estimated at £87,078. Similarly, the life coach embedded within the service delivered an average of 14.7 working instances with young people per month. Total savings associated with having an embedded life coach within the hub are estimated at £115,279 across the evaluation period of 22 months.In total, using data provided by the hub it is estimated that engagement with the NWD has resulted in a total cost avoidance of £459,379 for the three young people who were residential to the Hub and is the cumulative cost of partners.Following the completion of the evaluation the following recommendations were made:1.The inter-professional collaboration and multi-agency approach in Redcar and Cleveland NWD was a particular strength of the service. It is recommended that the nurturing and growth of in-house specialists continues in the NWD project, including the roles of the Speech and Language Therapist, police liaison officer, Police Intelligence Analyst and clinical psychologist. This recommendation is related to the data provided by NWD staff who state this element is quintessential within the NWD model; assisting young people in avoiding large waiting lists and avoiding the perception of a non-personal clinical approach. In terms of financial savings in the short, medium and long term this approach has already shown itself to be effective in reducing costs by the disengagement of young people from Criminal Peer Group (CPG). Financial savings in the medium and long term will occur through the in-house identification of young people with previously unidentified SALT needs to enable their support needs which will reduce future costs.2.The use of non-terminology driven and accessible language within written documents about and addressed to young people was perceived to be employed in a successful manner; - an aspect that would benefit from being included as standard protocol for all internal and external staff documenting information about (and addressed to) the child. Partners may wish to reflect on this in their own organisations. 3.The practice of the NWD model to support young people until the age of 25 was identified as a strength of the NWD service and has been identified as supporting financial savings in the short, medium and long term.4.The SALT assessment procures should remain in-house within NWD as they represent an immediate cost saving and being conducted ‘'in-house' reduces the delay of transmission of information between professionals. In-house working also allows for the rapid development of supporting strategies to assist in working with the young person on a) communication issues b) issues appropriate to life coach intervention.5.Future evaluations would benefit from the inclusion of a robust cost-benefit analysis to more accurately predict the cost savings of the NWD in Redcar and Cleveland.6.Future evaluations should include the views of young people who have been involved with NWD both on an outreach, and a residential basis.<br/

Advancing Scientific Understanding of the Global Methane Budget in Support of the Paris Agreement

The 2015 Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aims to keep global average temperature increases well below 2 °C of preindustrial levels in the Year 2100. Vital to its success is achieving a decrease in the abundance of atmospheric methane (CH4), the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. If this reduction is to be achieved, individual nations must make and meet reduction goals in their nationally determined contributions, with regular and independently verifiable global stock taking. Targets for the Paris Agreement have been set, and now the capability must follow to determine whether CH4 reductions are actually occurring. At present, however, there are significant limitations in the ability of scientists to quantify CH4 emissions accurately at global and national scales and to diagnose what mechanisms have altered trends in atmospheric mole fractions in the past decades. For example, in 2007, mole fractions suddenly started rising globally after a decade of almost no growth. More than a decade later, scientists are still debating the mechanisms behind this increase. This study reviews the main approaches and limitations in our current capability to diagnose the drivers of changes in atmospheric CH4 and, crucially, proposes ways to improve this capability in the coming decade. Recommendations include the following: (i) improvements to process‐based models of the main sectors of CH4 emissions—proposed developments call for the expansion of tropical wetland flux measurements, bridging remote sensing products for improved measurement of wetland area and dynamics, expanding measurements of fossil fuel emissions at the facility and regional levels, expanding country‐ specific data on the composition of waste sent to landfill and the types of wastewater treatment systems implemented, characterizing and representing temporal profiles of crop growing seasons, implementing parameters related to ruminant emissions such as animal feed, and improving the detection of small fires associated with agriculture and deforestation; (ii) improvements to measurements of CH4 mole fraction and its isotopic variations—developments include greater vertical profiling at background sites, expanding networks of dense urban measurements with a greater focus on relatively poor countries, improving the precision of isotopic ratio measurements of 13CH4, CH3D, 14CH4, and clumped isotopes, creating isotopic reference materials for international‐scale development, and expanding spatial and temporal characterization of isotopic source signatures; and (iii) improvements to inverse modeling systems to derive emissions from atmospheric measurements—advances are proposed in the areas of hydroxyl radical quantification, in systematic uncertainty quantification through validation of chemical transport models, in the use of source tracers for estimating sector‐level emissions, and in the development of time and spaceresolved national inventories. These and other recommendations are proposed for the major areas of CH4 science with the aim of improving capability in the coming decade to quantify atmospheric CH4 budgets on the scales necessary for the success of climate policies. Plain Language Summary Methane is the second largest contributor to climate warming from human activities since preindustrial times. Reducing human‐made emissions by half is a major component of the 2015 Paris Agreement target to keep global temperature increases well below 2 °C. In parallel to the methane emission reductions pledged by individual nations, new capabilities are needed to determine independently whether these reductions are actually occurring and whether methane concentrations in the atmosphere are changing for reasons that are clearly understood. At present significant challenges limit the ability of scientists to identify the mechanisms causing changes in atmospheric methane. This study reviews current and emerging tools in methane science and proposes major advances needed in the coming decade to achieve this crucial capability. We recommend further developing the models that simulate the processes behind methane emissions, improving atmospheric measurements of methane and its major carbon and hydrogen isotopes, and advancing abilities to infer the rates of methane being emitted and removed from the atmosphere from these measurements. The improvements described here will play a major role in assessing emissions commitments as more cities, states, and countries report methane emission inventories and commit to specific emission reduction targets. </div