Multinational Firms and the Factor Intensity of Trade

In studying the impact of direct investment on the amount, direction, and composition of international trade we have found that the multinational firm fits uncomfortably into the usual theory of trade and capital movements. We attempt here to introduce the fact of the existence of multinational firms into the explanation of trade flows and particularly into the long-running debate over the relations among factor abundance, factor prices and trade.

Horticultural markets promote alien species invasions : an Estonian case study of herbaceous perennials

Gardening is a popular pastime, but commercial horticulture is responsible for the introduction of alien species and contributes to invasions in a variety of ways. Although an extensive international literature is available on plant invasions, it is still important at the national level to examine the influence of local factors. Accordingly, 17 nurseries in Estonia that cultivated and sold perennial alien species were selected, and a list of species and prices was compiled. The relationships between species status, and factors such as their abundance in the wild were examined statistically. A qualitative list of the nationally problematic species among herbaceous perennials was also completed. A total of 880 taxa were recorded, of which 10.3% were native and 89.7% alien. In all, 87.3% of the alien species were still confined to cultivated areas. The ecological and socio-economic characteristics of the taxa were described, and lists of the families of casual, naturalised and invasive aliens were provided. Both native and increasing wild alien species have a very similar profile on the market. Alien species that are less expensive, widely available and have more cultivars per species on the market are also more likely to escape. The invasive status and abundance of escaped aliens in an area increases with residence time. In general, socio-economic factors create new and reflect previous propagule pressures from commercial horticulture, which continuously increase the likelihood of alien species surviving and invading new areas. Our findings suggest that these national socioeconomic market-related factors explain much of the invasiveness of various perennial ornamental species, and therefore regional and national authorities urgently need to regulate and control the ornamental plant trade to diminish the risk of new invasions

Thermal rearrangements in the tetra-arylcyclopropene series

The literature provides many examples of thermal rearrangements of small-ring compounds to yield systems involving less bond-angle strain. In the arylcyclopropene series these involve, in many cases, fairly complex pathways, and only formalized mechanisms have been suggested

Status of the Wild Turkey in Southwestern Illinois in 1970

Wild-trapped turkey were first released in southwestern Illinois in 1959. This, and subsequent releases have established a huntable population of wild turkey in the area. Until 1970, no evaluation of the status of the bird had been made. This study was conducted in June, July, August and September, 1970, to determine the distribution, productivity and relative abundance of the wild turkey in Alexander, Jackson, Union and Williamson Counties and to make recommendations for future management of the population. Information was supplied by rural mail carriers, Illinois Department of Conservation and U. S. Forest Service personnel and local residents together with field work by the author. Densities were rated high in six areas; moderate densities were found adjacent to and between areas of high density; low density areas were also documented. Considerable range expansion from the original wild-trapped release sites was noted. Areas for future range expansion were limited by habitat, land use and human disturbances, and by physical barriers. Productivity was found to sufficiently high to maintain or increase populations. Rainfall and flooding were severe enough during the peak of hatching and the period of young poults to be potentially restrictive to productivity. Recommendations for future management practices include: use of one standardized roadside census and the establishment of spring gobbler counts to determine population trends; censuses by rural mail carriers, but for a shorter period of time; additional brood studies to evaluate brood survival; continued resident interviews to monitor range and population changes

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Kosten und externe Effekte des künstlichen Lichts sowie Ansätze der ökonomischen Bewertung

Printausgabe unter ISBN 978-3-7983-2502-9 erschienenDer vorliegende Band wurde im Rahmen des Teilprojekts 5 "Kosten des Verlusts der Nacht – Eine ökonomische Analyse der Folgen nächtlicher Beleuchtung" als Literaturbericht der ersten Projektphase erstellt. Der Text stellt einen Überblick über den Forschungsstand zu den direkten Kosten der zunehmenden künstlichen nächtlichen Beleuchtung sowie zu näherungsweisen Bewertungen von ökonomischen Wirkungen der externen Kosten zum Stand Ende 2011 dar

Free-flight Performance of a Rocket-boosted, Air-launched 16-inch-diameter Ram-jet Engine at Mach Numbers up to 2.20

The investigation of air-launched ram-jet engines has been extended to include a study of models with a nominal design free-stream Mach number of 2.40. These models require auxiliary thrust in order to attain a flight speed at which the ram jet becomes self-accelerating. A rocket-boosting technique for providing this auxiliary thrust is described and time histories of two rocket-boosted ram-jet flights are presented. In one flight, the model attained a maximum Mach number of 2.20 before a fuel system failure resulted in the destruction of the engine. Performance data for this model are presented in terms of thrust and drag coefficients, diffuser pressure recovery, mass-flow ratio, combustion efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and over-all engine efficiency

Treatment of equine sarcoids using recombinant poxviruses expressing feline interleukin-2

Background Interleukin (IL)‐2 stimulates antitumour immunity and is successfully used for the treatment of different neoplasias. Hypothesis/Objectives Canarypox virus locally expressing feline IL‐2 is safe and can be used to treat equine sarcoids. Animals Twenty horses of different breeds with a median age of eight years (interquartile range 6.0–13.3 years) and a total number of 59 sarcoids were included in the study. Methods In this prospective clinical trial, sarcoids were injected twice seven days apart, with a recombinant canarypox virus expressing feline IL‐2. Complete blood counts (CBC) and fibrinogen levels were measured before treatment and on days 1, 2, 7 and 8. Results Complete regression was achieved in eight horses (40%) and partial regression in two horses (10%). No change in sarcoid size was observed in two horses (10%) and the disease progressed in five horses (25%). Sarcoids of three horses (15%) showed initial response followed by tumour growth. There were no significant changes in CBC and fibrinogen levels after either injection. One horse developed a mild fever the day after each injection, which subsided without treatment the following day. Conclusions Treatment of equine sarcoids with recombinant canarypox virus expressing feline IL‐2 seems to be a safe therapy option. Although the expression of IL‐2 after vector injection and its biological activity in horses were not proven in this study, the treatment resulted in regression and partial regression in 50% of the cases. Further studies are necessary to verify these findings and to establish a treatment protocol