579 research outputs found
The Nature and Location of Quantum Information
Quantum information is defined by applying the concepts of ordinary (Shannon)
information theory to a quantum sample space consisting of a single framework
or consistent family. A classical analogy for a spin-half particle and other
arguments show that the infinite amount of information needed to specify a
precise vector in its Hilbert space is not a measure of the information carried
by a quantum entity with a -dimensional Hilbert space; the latter is,
instead, bounded by log d bits (1 bit per qubit). The two bits of information
transmitted in dense coding are located not in one but in the correlation
between two qubits, consistent with this bound. A quantum channel can be
thought of as a "structure" or collection of frameworks, and the physical
location of the information in the individual frameworks can be used to
identify the location of the channel. Analysis of a quantum circuit used as a
model of teleportation shows that the location of the channel depends upon
which structure is employed; for ordinary teleportation it is not (contrary to
Deutsch and Hayden) present in the two bits resulting from the Bell-basis
measurement, but in correlations of these with a distant qubit. In neither
teleportation nor dense coding does information travel backwards in time, nor
is it transmitted by nonlocal (superluminal) influences. It is (tentatively)
proposed that all aspects of quantum information can in principle be understood
in terms of the (basically classical) behavior of information in a particular
framework, along with the framework dependence of this information.Comment: Latex 29 pages, uses PSTricks for figure
Elizabeth Mancke, Jerry Bannister, Denis McKim, and Scott W. See, eds. Violence, Order, and Unrest: A History of British North America, 1749–1876 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019).
Eric W. Sager, Inequality in Canada: The History and Politics of an Idea (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2020).
Functionalisation of hydrocarbons using fluorinated alkenes
Functionalisation of hydrocarbons is a field of continuing activity and a variety of approaches to this field, have been taken. This thesis is concerned with the functionalisation of the carbon-hydrogen bond, in hydrocarbons, using fluorinated alkenes via a free radical chain mechanism. Addition of the nucleophilic alkyl radical to the electrophilic fluorinated alkene, specifically hexafluoropropene, occurs readily to give incorporation of the polyfluoroalkyl group into a number of hydrocarbons, including aliphatic, mono-, bi- and polycyclic systems. Further chemistry of these polyfluoroalkylated systems has been investigated, including dehydrofluorination of the polyfluoralkyl group to give a series of novel mono- di- and poly-enes with polyfluoroalkenyl groups. Perfluorination of the polyfluoroalkylated systems, using high valency metal fluorides, produced a range of new perfluorocarbons of interest and the monocyclic polyfluoroalkylated systems' were further functionalised, by radical chemistry, to give isomeric products
Quantum identification system
A secure quantum identification system combining a classical identification
procedure and quantum key distribution is proposed. Each identification
sequence is always used just once and new sequences are ``refuelled'' from a
shared provably secret key transferred through the quantum channel. Two
identification protocols are devised. The first protocol can be applied when
legitimate users have an unjammable public channel at their disposal. The
deception probability is derived for the case of a noisy quantum channel. The
second protocol employs unconditionally secure authentication of information
sent over the public channel, and thus it can be applied even in the case when
an adversary is allowed to modify public communications. An experimental
realization of a quantum identification system is described.Comment: RevTeX, 4 postscript figures, 9 pages, submitted to Physical Review
Common Garden Comparisons of Native and Introduced Plant Populations: Latitudinal Clines Can Obscure Evolutionary Inferences
Common garden studies are increasingly used to identify differences in phenotypic traits between native and introduced genotypes, often ignoring sources of among-population variation within each range. We re-analyzed data from 32 common garden studies of 28 plant species that tested for rapid evolution associated with biological invasion. Our goals were: (i) to identify patterns of phenotypic trait variation among populations within native and introduced ranges, and (ii) to explore the consequences of this variation for how differences between the ranges are interpreted. We combined life history and physiologic traits into a single principal component (PCALL) and also compared subsets of traits related to size, reproduction, and defense (PCSIZE, PCREP, and PCDEF, respectively). On average, introduced populations exhibited increased growth and reproduction compared to native conspecifics when latitude was not included in statistical models. However, significant correlations between PC-scores and latitude were detected in both the native and introduced ranges, indicating population differentiation along latitudinal gradients. When latitude was explicitly incorporated into statistical models as a covariate, it reduced the magnitude and reversed the direction of the effect for PCALL and PCSIZE. These results indicate that unrecognized geographic clines in phenotypic traits can confound inferences about the causes of evolutionary change in invasive plants
Subfascial endoscopic ligation in the treatment of incompetent perforating veins
Objectives:
To assess the technique of subfascial endoscopic ligation of incompetent perforatory veins by use of a mediastinoscope.
Design:
Prospective open clinic study.
Setting:
Two Departments of Surgery.
Materials and Methods:
Thirty-eight consecutive patients (40 legs) with recurrent or protracted venous ulceration of the lower leg were treated. Through a short, transverse incision of the skin and fascia in the proximal â…“ of the lower leg a mediastinoscope (length 18 cm, diameter 12 mm) is inserted after which the perforating veins are ligated by haemoclips under direct vision.
Main Results:
All legs showed signs of incompetent perforating veins by clinical examination, confirmed with continuous wave ultrasonography and in 31 legs there was associated deep vein incompetence. Sixteen patients had active ulceration at the moment of operation and 22 had a history of recent or recurrent ulceration. One patient developed an inflammatory reaction at the wound and in two legs a subfascial infection occurred, necessitating surgical drainage. No postoperative mortality was seen. All 16 ulcers healed within 2 months (mean: 34 days; range: 21–55 days). During a mean follow-up of 3.9 (range: 2–5) years only one out of 38 patients (2.5%) developed a recurrent ulcer.
Conclusions:
Subfascial endoscopic ligation of incompetent perforating veins by use of a mediastinoscope is a relatively simple technique with a low postoperative complication rate and a low recurrent ulcer rate which makes it a valuable method for treating incompetent perforating veins
Entangled Light in Moving Frames
We calculate the entanglement between a pair of polarization-entangled photon
beams as a function of the reference frame, in a fully relativistic framework.
We find the transformation law for helicity basis states and show that, while
it is frequency independent, a Lorentz transformation on a momentum-helicity
eigenstate produces a momentum-dependent phase. This phase leads to changes in
the reduced polarization density matrix, such that entanglement is either
decreased or increased, depending on the boost direction, the rapidity, and the
spread of the beam.Comment: 4 pages and 3 figures. Minor corrections, footnote on optimal basis
state
- …